[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-458853-105":59,"doc-detail-458853-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","influenza-d-virus-in-black-donkeys-northern-china","Influenza D Virus in Black Donkeys, Northern China","","Influenza D virus (IDV) is widespread in cattle in China and poses a spillover risk to other species. This study detected IDV antibodies in 6 of 315 black donkey sera from nine farms in northern China, supporting cattle-to-donkey transmission and an expanding host range. Antibodies were measured using hemagglutination inhibition and confirmed with virus neutralization, while no influenza A or influenza B antibodies were found. Results were clustered across specific cities and farms.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/influenza-d-virus-in-black-donkeys-northern-china/458853/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/influenza-d-virus-in-black-donkeys-northern-china/458853.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Rainbow Cat","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-08","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":14},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What did the study find about IDV exposure in black donkeys in northern China?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"IDV antibodies were detected in 6 of 315 black donkey serum samples from nine farms, indicating exposure consistent with cattle-to-donkey transmission.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How were IDV antibodies tested and confirmed in this study?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays were used to detect antibodies, and selected HI-positive samples were confirmed by virus neutralization (VN) assays.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Was there evidence of influenza A or influenza B antibodies in the donkey samples?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"No influenza A virus (IAV) or influenza B virus (IBV) antibodies were detected in the sampled donkeys.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},458853,1790754612,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":14,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":14,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":24,"preview_page_count":4},962090769181,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","RESEARCH LETTERS  \nInfluenza D Virus in Black Donkeys, Northern China  \nMingshuai Shen,1 Jieshi Yu,1 Bin Fu,1 Cuilian Yu, Chunqi Cui, Shumin Chen, Cun Liu,2 Kezhou Wang,2 Zhao Wang2  \nAuthor affiliations: Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China (M. Shen, B. Fu, C. Yu, C. Cui, K. Wang, Z. Wang); Agro-biological Gene Research Center of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China (J. Yu); Shandong Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control, Jinan (S. Chen, C. Liu)  \nDOI: [https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3112.250666](https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3112.250666)  \nInfluenza D virus (IDV) is prevalent in cattle in China, anda risk for spillover to other species exists. We detected IDV antibodies in 6/315 of black donkeys in northern China, suggesting cattle-to-donkey transmission and demonstrating the expanding host range of IDV and the need for reassessment of cross-species transmission risks.  \nSince  \ntory  \nits initial isolation from a pig with respirasymptoms in 2011, influenza D virus (IDV)  \nhas been documented in cattle, small ruminants (e.g., sheep), dogs, camels, and wild ungulates (1–3) . Similar to other influenza viruses, IDV carries genetic traits that might aid in host range expansion and virulence enhancement; genetic adaptations frequently occur during cross-species transmission events (4) .  \nDonkeys are economically important livestock species in China. Because of the widespread distribution and high seroprevalence of IDV in cattle in China (5), along with the frequent interactions among domestic animals in rural areas of the country, investigating donkey exposure to IDV is essential to assess the virus’s risk to animal health.  \nThis study used a cross-sectional design. A total of 315 serum samples were randomly collected from black donkeys (Equus asinus, a local breed) across 9 commercial farms in northern China. Sampling was conducted regardless of age or sex. All serum specimens were preserved at –80°C and tested within 6 months of collection. C.L. provided all samples. We obtained receptor-destroying enzyme (RDE) from Denka Seiken Co. Ltd ([https://denka-seiken.com](https://denka-seiken.com)), and we purchased chicken red blood cells from Wuhan Keyi Biotechnology Co. Ltd ([https://m.lab](https://m.lab)[base.net/CompanyIndex-16219.html](base.net/CompanyIndex-16219.html)). J.Y. provided MDCK cells, which we maintained in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium supplemented with 10%  \n1These authors contributed equally to this article.  \n2These authors contributed equally to this article.  \nfetal bovine serum. J.Y. provided all viral strains used in this study, which included IDV (D/bovine/ CHN/JY3002/2022), influenza A virus (A/People’s Republic of China/SWL1304/2023), and influenza B virus (B/Guangdong/266/2021) . For hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays, we treated serum samples with RDE (1:3 ratio, 37°C for 18–20 hours, 56°C for 30–60 minutes) (6) .  \nAll animal procedures in this study were reviewed and approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Shandong First Medical University (approval no. W202502250029). Sampling was conducted under veterinary supervision in accordance with national guidelines for the care and use of animals.  \nWe mixed viral antigen (4HAU) with serially diluted serum samples (1:10 starting in phosphatebuffered saline in V-bottom plates), incubated them at 37°C for 30 minutes, and assessed them with 0.5% chicken red blood cells at room temperature for 15 minutes. HI titers were the highest dilution inhibiting hemagglutination (we defined a titer >10 as positive) . The HI >10 cutoff was validated in prior IDV studies to balance sensitivity and specificity; using a higher cutoff generally lowers apparent seroprevalence, whereas a lower cutoff increases sensitivity and can raise estimated prevalence ( 7) .  \nVirus neutralization (VN) assays used IDV (100 tissue culture infectious dose 50) . We mixed RDEtreated serum specimens (2-fold dilutions in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medi","cbCaiisCXhHzzfiP","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiisCXhHzzfiP","pdf",281035,"English","# Study Rationale\n# Study Design and Sampling\n# Serological Methods (HI and VN)\n# Results and Geographic Patterns\n# Interpretation and Implications","[{\"question\":\"What did the study find about IDV exposure in black donkeys in northern China?\",\"answer\":\"IDV antibodies were detected in 6 of 315 black donkey serum samples from nine farms, indicating exposure consistent with cattle-to-donkey transmission.\"},{\"question\":\"How were IDV antibodies tested and confirmed in this study?\",\"answer\":\"Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays were used to detect antibodies, and selected HI-positive samples were confirmed by virus neutralization (VN) assays.\"},{\"question\":\"Was there evidence of influenza A or influenza B antibodies in the donkey samples?\",\"answer\":\"No influenza A virus (IAV) or influenza B virus (IBV) antibodies were detected in the sampled donkeys.\"}]","Influenza D Virus in Black Donkeys, Northern China | PDF"]