[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-453456-105":59,"doc-detail-453456-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","inflammatory-bowel-diseases-pathological-mechanisms-and-therapeutic-perspectives-review","Inflammatory Bowel Diseases - Pathological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives - Review","","Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a heterogeneous set of chronic, relapsing intestinal disorders including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), affecting people across ages with variable clinical manifestations. Rising incidence, especially in newly industrialized regions, severely undermines quality of life and poses a major public-health threat with substantial healthcare burden. This review details IBD pathogenesis—immune dysregulation, barrier damage, gut microbiota dysbiosis, ROS imbalance, and genetic–environment crosstalk—and addresses persistent clinical challenges including limited responses and treatment-related side effects.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/inflammatory-bowel-diseases-pathological-mechanisms-and-therapeutic-perspectives-review/453456/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/inflammatory-bowel-diseases-pathological-mechanisms-and-therapeutic-perspectives-review/453456.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Asher","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-10","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",15,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What are the main clinical types included under inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"IBD primarily encompasses Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), characterized by chronic relapsing intestinal inflammation.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Which biological mechanisms does the review highlight in IBD pathogenesis?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"It highlights intestinal mucosal immune dysregulation, intestinal barrier damage, gut microbiota dysbiosis, ROS homeostasis imbalance, and complex genetic–environment interactions.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Why is there a need for new therapeutic strategies in IBD?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Many patients show primary or secondary non-response to existing biologics and small-molecule drugs, and prolonged treatment can cause significant side effects, motivating emerging approaches.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},453456,1790779765,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":31,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},687197207639,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","Yang et al. Molecular Biomedicine (2026) 7:2 [https://doi.org/10.1186/s43556-025-00395-z](https://doi.org/10.1186/s43556-025-00395-z)  \nMolecular Biomedicine  \n REVIEW Open Access  \nInflammatory bowel diseases: pathological   mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives  \nXiaona Yang1,2, Hong Guo1,2* and Min Zou2*  \nAbstract  \nInflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized primarily by chronic relapsing intestinal inflammation, encompassing Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), affecting individuals across age groups with variable clinical manifestations. With the advancement of global industrialization, its incidence continues to rise, particularly in newly industrialized regions, which not only severely impairs patients’ quality of life but also emerges as a major public health concern threatening digestive system health, accompanied by a substantial healthcare burden, thus necessitating the development of more effective and safer individualized treatment strategies. This review summarizes the pathogenesis of IBD, including intestinal mucosal immune dysregulation, intestinal barrier damage, gut microbiota dysbiosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis imbalance, and the complex crosstalk between genetic and environmental factors; however, clinical treatment still faces numerous challenges:  \n30%-40% of patients exhibit primary or secondary non-response to existing therapeutic regimens such as biologics and small-molecule drugs, and prolonged administration tends to induce significant side effects. Further integrated herein are emerging strategies such as ROS modulators, novel immune-targeted modulation, intestinal barrier repair agents, microbiota-directed interventions, multi-omics-based precision medicine, and artificial intelligence (AI) -assisted therapy, which represent key directions to address the limitations of traditional treatments. This article begins with an overview of basic pathological mechanisms and offers a comprehensive overview of relevant therapeutic approaches and future development directions, aiming to facilitate the transition of the field from traditional generalized therapies to personalized precision medicine and to bridge the long-standing gap between basic research and clinical practice.  \nKeywords IBD, CD, UC, Pathophysiology, Therapy  \nIntroduction  \nIBD is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by chronic-relapsing intestinal inflammation and is predominantly subclassified into CD and UC. During the past decade, both the incidence and prevalence of IBD have increased in numerous countries, notably in Western and newly industrialized nations  \n*Correspondence:  \nHong Guo[hguo_cgh2021@163.com](hguo_cgh2021@163.com)[ ](hguo_cgh2021@163.com)Min Zou[zou_min@cqu.edu.cn](zou_min@cqu.edu.cn)  \n1 Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China  \n2 Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401147, China  \n[1, 2] . According to the 2017 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, the worldwide number of IBD cases reached 6.8 million, and the age-standardized prevalence increased from 79.5 per 100,000 persons in 1990 to 84.3 per 100,000 in 2017 [3] . In North America, the prevalence was estimated at 725 per 100,000 persons in 2018 and is projected to reach 981 per 100,000 by 2030 [4] . Although UC remains the predominant phenotype across Asia, the UC-to-CD prevalence ratio has progressively narrowed in several regions [5] . Importantly, the age at onset has shifted downward, with the majority of patients developing symptoms during childhood or adolescence [6] . IBD is frequently complicated by intestinal perforation, stricture formation,  \n© The Author(s) 2026. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to t","cbCaipjylEgfRyN4","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipjylEgfRyN4","pdf",4367843,"English","# Introduction\n# Pathogenesis Mechanisms\n## Immune dysregulation\n## Intestinal barrier damage\n## Gut microbiota dysbiosis\n## ROS homeostasis imbalance\n## Genetic and environmental crosstalk\n# Therapeutic Perspectives","[{\"question\":\"What are the main clinical types included under inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?\",\"answer\":\"IBD primarily encompasses Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), characterized by chronic relapsing intestinal inflammation.\"},{\"question\":\"Which biological mechanisms does the review highlight in IBD pathogenesis?\",\"answer\":\"It highlights intestinal mucosal immune dysregulation, intestinal barrier damage, gut microbiota dysbiosis, ROS homeostasis imbalance, and complex genetic–environment interactions.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is there a need for new therapeutic strategies in IBD?\",\"answer\":\"Many patients show primary or secondary non-response to existing biologics and small-molecule drugs, and prolonged treatment can cause significant side effects, motivating emerging approaches.\"}]","Inflammatory Bowel Diseases - Pathological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives - Review | PDF",1790738905,126]