[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-386890-105":59,"doc-detail-386890-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","inferring-species-extinction-from-sighting-data","Inferring species extinction from sighting data","","Understanding whether a species still persists or when it went extinct is essential for effective species management, yet direct observation is rare. Most species’ status relies on sighting records spanning museum specimens, photographs, vocalisations, markings, and oral accounts. This review summarizes methods for inferring extinction from such records, clarifying their assumptions, applicability, and providing an RShiny package to implement selected approaches.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/inferring-species-extinction-from-sighting-data/386890/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/inferring-species-extinction-from-sighting-data/386890.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"8796093062539","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-28","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why is inferring extinction from sighting data important?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Extinctions are rarely observed directly, but knowing whether a species is extant or extinct is fundamental for conservation and for understanding how the Earth is changing.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What kinds of evidence are used as sighting data?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Sighting records can include museum specimens and photographs, as well as indirect evidence such as vocalisations, markings, and oral accounts.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What does the article provide besides the review of methods?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It reviews the assumptions and applications of different inference methods and also provides an RShiny package with instructions to implement some of them.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},386890,1790583877,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":66,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":133,"file_id":134,"file_url":135,"file_type":136,"file_size":137,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":39,"language":138,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":139,"faqs":140,"seo_title":141,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":142,"read_time":46},8796093062539,"Cambridge Prisms: Extinction  \n[www.cambridge.org/ext](www.cambridge.org/ext)  \nReview  \nCite this article: McCrea RS, Cheale T, Campillo-Funollet E and Roberts DL (2024) . Inferring species extinction from sighting data. Cambridge Prisms: Extinction, 2, e19, 1–8  \n[https://doi.org/10.1017/ext.2024.18](https://doi.org/10.1017/ext.2024.18)  \nReceived: 03 November 2023  \nRevised: 19 June 2024  \nAccepted: 20 June 2024  \nKeywords:  \nextaille; extinction; extirpation; Poisson process; rediscovery; time series  \nCorresponding author:  \nRachel McCrea;  \nEmail: [r.mccrea@lancaster.ac.uk](r.mccrea@lancaster.ac.uk)  \n© The Author(s), 2024 . Published by Cambridge University Press. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence ([http://](http://)[ ](http://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.  \nInferring species extinction from sighting data  \nRachel S. McCrea1 , Thomas Cheale2, Eduard Campillo-Funollet1 and David L. Roberts3  \n1School of Mathematical Sciences, Fylde College, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK; 2School of Mathematics, Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK and 3Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK  \nAbstract  \n1. Understanding whether a species still persists, or the timing of its extinction is challenging, however, such knowledge is fundamental for effective species management.  \n2. For the vast majority of species our understanding of their existence is based solely on sighting data that can range from museum specimens and clear photographs, through vocalisations, to markings and oral accounts.  \n3. Here we review the methods that have been developed to infer the extinction of species from a sighting record, providing an understanding of their assumptions and applications. We have also produced an RShiny package which can be used to implement some of the methods presented in the article.  \n4. While there are a number of potential areas that could be further developed, the methods reviewed provide a useful tool for inferring species extinction.  \nImpact statement  \nWhen a species has gone unseen for a period of time, the question naturally arises as to whether the species still persists. Knowing whether a species is extant or extinct is fundamental for effective conservation. A series of methods have been developed for the inference of extinction based on sighting data (e.g. museum specimens, photographs, markings and oral accounts) . Here we provide a review of the different methods describing the underlying assumptions and important considerations when applying these methods. To increase the accessibility of these methods we provide an RShiny package with instructions for its application. While these methods have most frequently been applied to extinctions of species, these end-point estimations have wider relevance having been applied in the context of archaeology, geological stratigraphy, phenological studies, and phylogenetics, as well as more recently the estimation of origination in archaeology, epidemiology, and geology.  \nIntroduction  \nWe are now entering a time of immense environmental upheaval with a multitude of factors (e.g. habitat degradation, climate change, over-exploitation) driving species to extinction as a result of human activities. This has led some to suggest we are entering the 6th mass extinction event (Ceballos et al. 2015), with extinction rates orders of magnitude greater than background extinction rates. Knowing if a species is extinct is therefore not only fundamental to the conservation of species through effective resource allocation but also to our understanding of how the Earth is changing. The problem, however, is that extinctions are very rarely observ","cbCaiaiedG9N3xbD","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiaiedG9N3xbD","pdf",347537,"English","# Abstract\n# Impact statement\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"Why is inferring extinction from sighting data important?\",\"answer\":\"Extinctions are rarely observed directly, but knowing whether a species is extant or extinct is fundamental for conservation and for understanding how the Earth is changing.\"},{\"question\":\"What kinds of evidence are used as sighting data?\",\"answer\":\"Sighting records can include museum specimens and photographs, as well as indirect evidence such as vocalisations, markings, and oral accounts.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the article provide besides the review of methods?\",\"answer\":\"It reviews the assumptions and applications of different inference methods and also provides an RShiny package with instructions to implement some of them.\"}]","Inferring species extinction from sighting data | PDF",1790278139]