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The pathophysiology involves damage to the intact endothelium, leading to platelet and fibrin deposition forming a vegetation. Transient bacteremia can then infect this vegetation, resulting in complications such as obstruction, embolization, valve destruction with regurgitation, abscess formation, and extra-cardiac manifestations due to embolization or immune complex deposition. Risk factors for IE are numerous and include advanced age (greater than 60 years), poor dentition or dental infections, rheumatic heart disease, degenerative valve disease, prosthetic valves, congenital heart disease, previous history of endocarditis, intra-cardiac devices, intravenous drug abuse, immunocompromised states, diabetes mellitus, and chronic hemodialysis. Certain congenital heart conditions like Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) present a higher risk, while Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP) carries a lower risk, which increases with associated Mitral Regurgitation (MR). Aortic valve IE is rarely seen in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM). Culture-negative endocarditis accounts for 5-10% of IE cases and is considered after six successive negative cultures. Potential causes include unsuspected organisms like Coxiella burnetii, Chlamydia spp., Bartonella spp., Legionella, bacteroides, and fungi, as well as partially treated bacterial infections, right-sided endocarditis, non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis, systemic vasculitis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), atrial myxoma, or antiphospholipid syndrome.",{"@graph":69,"@context":105},[70,84],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/infective-endocarditis/26762/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/infective-endocarditis/26762.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Theodore","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-18","2026-05-08",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":14},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction","https://schema.org",{"og:url":107,"og:type":108,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/infective-endocarditis/26762","article",{"robots":110,"canonical":107},"index,follow",{"doc_id":112,"site_id":62},26762,1778199731,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":115},{"doc_id":112,"user_id":116,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":117,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":66,"file_id":118,"file_url":119,"file_type":120,"file_size":121,"view_count":14,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":122,"language":123,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":66,"faqs":66,"seo_title":124,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":113,"read_time":125},7971461740886,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","cbCaigtri1fbn99i","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigtri1fbn99i","pdf",3249643,32,"English","INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS | PDF",81]