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The guide explains differences between breastmilk and infant milks, key ingredients and manufacturing processes, and nutritional metrics such as energy, protein, fat (including LCPUFA and structured triglycerides), carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. 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However, composition may change so please refer to the specific manufacturers for up-to-date information. This report is updated regularly, and the date of this publication appears as a footer on each page. Always check you are consulting the latest version of this report by checking the website.  \nAcknowledgements  \nThe first iteration of this report, written by the same authors, was for The Caroline Walker Trust in 2011 and we would like to thank the A Team Foundation (registered charity number 1077094) for funding the publication of the original report. We would like to thank Public Health Wales , The Scottish Government and The Public Health Agency Northern Ireland for contributions to the continual updating of this resource.  \nThanks are also due to Professor Elizabeth Opara of Kingston University, Shel Banks at the Local Infant Feeding Information Board, Unicef UK Baby Friendly Initiative , Mike Brady at Baby Milk Action , Rachel Elsom at Public Health England, and all the scientific staff at the breastmilk substitute manufacturers who provided information on infant milk composition for this report.  \nFirst Steps Nutrition Trust  \n[www.firststepsnutrition.org](www.firststepsnutrition.org)  \nE: [helen@firststepsnutrition.org](helen@firststepsnutrition.org)  \n[T: 07590 289182](T: 07590 289182)  \nRegistered charity number 1146408  \nFirst Steps Nutrition Trust is a charity that provides objective, evidence-based information and resources about the importance of good nutrition from pre-conception to 5 years. For more information about our range of resources on infant milks , see our website  \n[www.firststepsnutrition.org](www.firststepsnutrition.org)  \nContents  \nAcronyms Glossary  \n1 Introduction  \n1.1 What does this report contain?  \n1.2 Format of the report  \n1.3 Working with the Unicef UK Baby Friendly Initiative  \n2 A simple guide to choosing milks for infants and toddlers  \n2.1 Frequently asked questions  \n3 The composition of infant milks  \n3.1 What are the main differences between breastmilk and infant milks?  \n3.2 What ingredients are used to make infant milks?  \n3.3 How are infant milks made?  \n3.4 Results of surveys of the nutritional composition of infant milk  \n3.5 Foods for special medical purposes  \n3.6 Energy content of infant milks  \n3.7 Protein content of infant milks  \n3.7.1 α-lactalbumin  \n3.7.2 Nucleotides in infant milks  \n3.8 Fat content of infant milks  \n3.8.1 Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) in infant milks  \n3.8.2 Structured triglycerides in infant milks  \n3.8.3 Phospholipids  \n3.8.4 Anhydrous milk fat  \n3.9 Carbohydrate content of infant milks  \n3.9.1 Prebiotics in infant milks  \n3.9.2 Human milk oligosaccharides  \n3.10 Vitamins and minerals in infant milks  \n3.10.1 Calcium in infant milks  \n3.10.2 Iron in infant milks  \n3.10.3 Vitamin D in infant milks  \n3.11 Other ingredients in infant milks  \n3.11.1 Choline  \n3.11.2 Inositol  \n3.11.3 L-carnitine  \n3.11.4 Lutein and zeaxanthin  \n3.11.5 Taurine  \n3.12 Probiotics , synbiotics and postbiotics in infant milks  \n3.12.1 Acidified Infant Milk and postbiotics  \n3.13 Non-essential trace elements: fluoride content of infant milks  \n3.14 Additives in infant milks  \n4 Contaminants in infant milks  \n4.1 Bacterial contamination of powdered infant milks  \n4.2 Aluminium contamination of infant milks  \n4.3 Uranium contamination of infant milks  \n4.4 Cadmium contamination of infant milks  \n4.5 Process contaminants from oil refining in infant","cbCaiusAjSyG3F7y","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiusAjSyG3F7y","pdf",2253002,210,"English","# Acronyms Glossary\n# Introduction\n## What does this report contain?\n## Format of the report\n## Working with the Unicef UK Baby Friendly Initiative\n# A simple guide to choosing milks for infants and toddlers\n## Frequently asked questions\n# The composition of infant milks\n## What are the main differences between breastmilk and infant milks?\n## What ingredients are used to make infant milks?\n## How are infant milks made?\n## Energy content of infant milks\n## Protein content of infant milks\n## Fat content of infant milks\n## Carbohydrate content of infant milks\n## Vitamins and minerals in infant milks\n## Other ingredients in infant milks\n## Probiotics, synbiotics and postbiotics in infant milks\n## Non-essential trace elements: fluoride content of infant milks\n## Additives in infant milks\n# Contaminants in infant milks\n## Bacterial contamination of powdered infant milks\n## Aluminium contamination of infant milks\n## Uranium contamination of infant milks\n## Cadmium contamination of infant milks\n## Process contaminants from oil refining in infant milks\n# Infant milks available in the UK\n## Infant milks currently available in the UK\n## Milks suitable for specific population groups\n# How much milk is needed and how to make it up safely\n## Birth to 6 months\n## Older infants\n## Ready-to-feed milks\n## Powdered milks\n## How to make up infant milks safely\n# For more information","[{\"question\":\"What information does the report provide for health professionals?\",\"answer\":\"The report explains what it contains, how to use its format, and how it relates to the Unicef UK Baby Friendly Initiative. It then covers choosing milks, detailed composition, contaminants, available products in the UK, and safe preparation and feeding amounts.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the report compare breastmilk with infant milks?\",\"answer\":\"It addresses the main differences between breastmilk and infant milks and explains how ingredients are selected and how infant milks are manufactured. It also details nutritional composition including energy, protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals.\"},{\"question\":\"What contaminants and safety issues are discussed for infant milks?\",\"answer\":\"The report includes sections on bacterial contamination of powdered infant milks and contamination topics such as aluminium, uranium, cadmium, and process contaminants from oil refining. It also provides guidance on how much milk is needed and how to prepare it safely.\"}]","Infant Milks in the UK - A Practical Guide for Health Professionals - February 2019 | PDF",1790531739,529]