[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-43102-en":3,"doc-seo-43102-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},43102,2336464648322,"Aria","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/2200025388227c56fec?_k=1778556882303663488",8,"Research & Report","Indonesia in 1980: Continuity Rather than Change","Indonesia in 1980, marking Suharto’s New Order fourteenth anniversary, evaluates how the regime inherited Old Order problems while facing new pressures: ideological differences, fast growth alongside income inequality, high population expansion, rural poverty, and ethnic and socio-economic tensions. The overview reviews economic indicators, food self-sufficiency hopes, oil exports and exploration trends, and foreign-debt debates, including the IGGI role. It also examines political and cultural dimensions and recent foreign relations within the prior twelve months.","# INDONESIA IN 1980:Continuity Rather than Change\n\nAuthor(s):Leo Suryadinata  \nSource:Southeast Asian Affairs,utheast Asian Affairs(1981),pp.129-145  \nPublished by:ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute  \nStable URL:https://www.jstor.org/stable/27908426  \nAccessed:23-10-201908:02 UTC  \nJSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars,researchers,and students discover,use,and build upon a widerange of content in a trusted digital archive.We use information technology and tools to increase productivity andfacilitate new forms of scholarship.For more information about JSTOR,please contact support@jstor.org.  \nYour use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms &Conditions of Use,available athttps://about.jstor.org/terms  \nISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize,preserve and extendaccess to Southeast Asian Affairs  \n# INDONESIA IN 1980Continuity Rather than Change\n\nLeo Suryadinata  \nIndonesia in 1980 marked the fourteenth anniversary of the “New Order”-theSuharto era -which is much longer than any other period in modern Indonesianpolitical history.Nevertheless,it inherited the problems of the “Old Order”—theSukarno era -in addition to new problems which emerged after President Suhartoassumed power.Differing ideologies,rapid economic growth,accompanied by incomedisparity,high population growth rates,rural poverty,ethnic and socioeconomictension-all of these constituted major challenges in Indonesia in 1980.This overviewpaper deals with economic,political and cultural aspects,as well as Indonesia's foreignrelations in the last twelve months.When necessary,some references are made todevelopments prior to 1980.  \nECONOMY  \nIndonesia's economy appears to be in good condition in 1980 when measured againstconventional economic indicators.The Gross National Product(GNP)growth isexpected to be berween 6.7 and 10%.In his State Address of 1980,President Suhartonoted that the country's foreign reserves were USS6 billion,¹greater than in previousyears,while the production of food and other crops was also at a record high.ThePresident was hopeful that Indonesia can be self-sufficient in food by 1984(“Address ofState by President Suharto at the Opening of the 1980-1981 Session of the House ofRepresentatives on August 16,1980,\"Antara News Bulletin,p.28;Straits Times,17August 1980).  \nIndonesia's oil exports remained high,although in 1979/1980 they declined 11%(440 million barrels),compared to the previous year's (490 million barrels)(Bulletin ofIndonesian Economic Studies [BIES],Vol.XVI,No.2 [July 1980],p.4).This waspartly the result of an increase in domestic consumption.However,in 1980/1981,oilproduction is expected to rise because of the successful oil exploration which started in1979.Oil exploracion has been on the rise since 1979.In 1978 the expenditure for suchan exploration was only US$202.9 million.In 1979 it reached US$338 million,but by1980 it jumped to US$591 million.  \nThe flow of exploration funds indicated that the West in general and the oilcompanies in particular continue to have confidence in the Indonesian Government.InMay 1980 the Inter-Govermmental Group on Indonesia(IGGI)countries announcedthat they would grant another US$2.1 billion in development aid to Indonesia(Kompas,10 May 1980).  \nIt is generally known that Indonesia's development programmes have relied heavily onoutside resources.The foreign debt has become a topic of discussion again.It was  \nreported that from 1966 to 1977 Indonesia's debt to the IGGI was approximatelyUSS15.8 billion(Topik,No.101[May 1980],p.9).Adi Sasono of the Lembaga StudiPembangunan predicted that by the end of Repelita III(Third Five-Year DevelopmentPlan)Indonesia's IGGI debt would be USS26.5 billion(ibid.).Opposition groups haveexpressed their concern about the implications of the foreign debt on the socioeconomicdevelopment of Indonesia.Even the Chairman of the Karya²faction in Parliament,Sugiharto,was quoted as saying that Indonesia no longer needed for","cbCaio4y622FTCcg","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaio4y622FTCcg","pdf",2008214,9,1,18,"English","en",105,"# Overview\n# Economy\n## Economic indicators and growth\n## Oil exports, production, and exploration funds\n## Foreign reserves and food self-sufficiency\n## Foreign debt and foreign aid (IGGI)\n# Pertamina","[{\"question\":\"What major challenges defined Indonesia in 1980?\",\"answer\":\"The text highlights ideological differences, rapid economic growth paired with income disparity, high population growth, rural poverty, and ethnic and socio-economic tensions as core challenges.\"},{\"question\":\"How was Indonesia’s economy described in 1980?\",\"answer\":\"Economic conditions were described as strong by conventional indicators, with projected GNP growth and reported increases in foreign reserves and crop production, alongside hopes for food self-sufficiency.\"},{\"question\":\"What issues did the document raise regarding foreign debt and foreign aid?\",\"answer\":\"It discusses renewed debate over foreign debt linked to IGGI assistance, forecasts of IGGI debt under Repelita III, and opposition concerns about socio-economic implications, while also noting the government’s argument against dependency on the 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