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The policy responded to political attacks on established Indigenous programs and reflected opposition to Indigenous rights-focused approaches, despite earlier Commonwealth advances since the 1967 referendum. Debates surrounding Native Title and Mabo intensified conservative resistance, while mainstreaming rhetoric framed funding and participation as “correction” and rejected rights agendas. The text concludes that Commonwealth service delivery has rarely been grounded in a rights agenda.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/indigenous-australian-participation-in-higher-education-the-realities-of-practical-reconciliation-selected-references/595371/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/indigenous-australian-participation-in-higher-education-the-realities-of-practical-reconciliation-selected-references/595371.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Blitz","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-28","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What major policy shift affected Indigenous participation in higher education?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The Howard Government’s “mainstreaming” policy changed Indigenous engagement with the university system by denigrating Indigenous-specific support programs and redirecting toward mainstream services.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Why does the text argue Commonwealth policy lacked a rights agenda?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It states that Commonwealth spending programs rarely rested on a rights agenda, focusing instead on delivering mainstream services, a pattern described as “practical reconciliation” continuing the same approach.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How are funding arrangements linked to Indigenous economic development in the text?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The text argues current funding provides little encouragement to Indigenous economic development because resourcing Indigenous organisations does not increase in line with increases in local economic activity, except for funding under the Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},595371,1793022432,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":81,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":24,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},24464137899374,"https://us-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","A U S T R A L I A N U N I V E R S I T I E S R E V I E W  \narrangements. It has often been argued, following this line of reasoning, that funding current arrangements in Indigenous affairs only amount to community self-management of individual programs, rather than self-determination.  \nThe current funding arrangements provide little encouragement to Indigenous economic development, since theresourcing of Indigenous organisations does not increase inline with increases in economic activity in their local area (with the exception of the funding under the Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act). Without such a linkage, the idea of development gets reduced to one of community development, devoid of any economic dimension. Service delivery in itself brings few economic benefits.  \nCONCLUSION  \nCommonwealth policy towards Indigenous people since the late 1960s has focussed on the delivery of what are essentially mainstream services to Indigenous people. In large part the Commonwealth has assumed this role due to the reluctance of State,Territory and local governments to assume their responsibilities. However, Commonwealth policy, and its spending programs, have rarely been underpinned by a rights agenda. ‘Practical reconciliation’, as espoused by the current government, represents more of the same.  \nSELECTED REFERENCES  \nAboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (2000), Annual Report 1999-2000, Canberra.  \nCommonwealth Grants Commission (2000 and 2001), Indigenous Funding Inquiry, Draft and Final Reports, Canberra ([available on www.cgc.gov.au](available on www.cgc.gov.au) ). Commonwealth of Australia (1991), Social Justice for Indigenous Australians 1991-92, Budget Related Paper No 7, AGPS, Canberra.  \nCommonwealth of Australia (1999), Commonwealth Programs for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples 1996-97, Canberra.  \nCrough, G.J. & Christophersen, C (1993), Aboriginal People in the Economy ofthe Kimberley Region, North Australia Research Unit, Darwin.  \nCrough, G.J. (1997), Indigenous Organisations, Funding and Accountability: Comparative Reforms in Canada and Australia, Report Series No 2, North Australia Research Unit, Darwin.  \nJohnston, E. (1991), National Report of the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody, 5 volumes, AGPS, Canberra.  \nThe Australia Institute (2000), Resourcing Indigenous Development and Self-Determination, Scoping Paper prepared for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission ([available on www.atsic.gov.au](available on www.atsic.gov.au)).  \nAn earlier version of this article was originally presented as a paper to a seminar organised by ACOSS and ANTaR in Canberra in 2001.  \nGreg Crough is a long-time researcher into the economies of Indigenous communities. He is an honorary associate in the Department of Geography at the University of Sydney.  \nIndigenous Australian Participation in Higher  \nEducation  \nThe Realities of Practical Reconciliation  \nWENDY BRABHAM AND JOHN HENRY WITH ESME BAMBLETT AND JENNIFER BATES  \nIndigenous Australian engagement with the Australian university system has changed dramatically with the implementation of the Howard Government’s stated policy of‘mainstreaming’. This policy shift was a response to what Bunda and McConville (2002) have accurately described as the denigration of established and successful Indigenous-specific support programs by extremist political forces as ‘discriminatory’. We must not underestimate the strength of this backlash, which constitutes a rejection of  \nthe advances made by successive Commonwealth Governments into Indigenous affairs since the 1967 referendum. From the early 1970s through to the mid-1990s the Commonwealth progressively changed the legislative and policy environment directly impacting on Indigenous communities. These developments reached a peak with the introduction in 1994 of the Native Title Act in response to the High Court Mabo decision in 1992. While the debates over Mabo resulted in laws","cbCair5XXehuMafR","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCair5XXehuMafR","pdf",133875,"English","# Indigenous Australian Participation in Higher Education\n## The Realities of Practical Reconciliation\n## Conclusion\n## Selected References","[{\"question\":\"What major policy shift affected Indigenous participation in higher education?\",\"answer\":\"The Howard Government’s “mainstreaming” policy changed Indigenous engagement with the university system by denigrating Indigenous-specific support programs and redirecting toward mainstream services.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does the text argue Commonwealth policy lacked a rights agenda?\",\"answer\":\"It states that Commonwealth spending programs rarely rested on a rights agenda, focusing instead on delivering mainstream services, a pattern described as “practical reconciliation” continuing the same approach.\"},{\"question\":\"How are funding arrangements linked to Indigenous economic development in the text?\",\"answer\":\"The text argues current funding provides little encouragement to Indigenous economic development because resourcing Indigenous organisations does not increase in line with increases in local economic activity, except for funding under the Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act.\"}]","Indigenous Australian Participation in Higher Education - The Realities of Practical Reconciliation - Selected References | PDF",1792081009,13]