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It presents estimated bachelor’s degree attainment by age 24 from 1970 to 2019 across income quartiles and frames equity through multiple indicator lenses. The report outlines enrollment patterns, institutional types, financial aid and college cost barriers, college payment pathways, attainment variation by student characteristics, and international comparisons, supported by research and policy analysis. 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S .  \nclose the gap in higher education attainment by family income?  \n70%  \n60%  \n50%  \n40%  \n30%  \nEstimated bachelor’s degree attainment by age 24 for dependent family members by family income quartile: 1970 to 2019  \n0%  \n1960  \nThe Pell Institute for the Study of Opportunity in Higher Education of the Council for Opportunity in Education (COE)  \nconducts and disseminates research and policy analysis to encourage policymakers, educators, and the public to improve educational opportunities and outcomes of low-income,  \nfirst-generation students, and students with disabilities. The Pell Institute is sponsored by the Council for Opportunity in Education (COE). The Pell Institute shares the mission of the Council to advance and defend the ideal of equal opportunity in postsecondary education. As such, the focus of the Council is to ensure that the least advantaged segments of the American population have a realistic chance to enter and graduate from a  \npostsecondary institution.  \n[www.pellinstitute.org](www.pellinstitute.org)  \nAlliance for Higher Education and Democracy, University of Pennsylvania (PennAHEAD)  \nis dedicated to advancing higher education policy and practices that foster open, equitable, and democratic societies. Drawing on the intellectual resources of the University of Pennsylvania and a global alliance of higher education and academic leaders, Penn AHEAD achieves its mission by creating knowledge, improving practice, and building capacity. Through engagement with policymakers, institutional leaders, scholars, and practitioners, AHEAD produces research and applies research-based knowledge to address the most pressing issues pertaining to the public purposes of higher education in the U.S. and across  \nthe globe.  \n[www.ahead-penn.org](www.ahead-penn.org)  \nCONTENTS  \n6  \n13  \n51  \n94  \n117  \n140  \n177  \n219  \n225  \n265  \n272  \nINTRODUCTION  \nSETTING THE STAGE  \nWhat Are the Contexts for Examining Equity in Postsecondary Education in the United States?  \nEQUITY INDICATOR 1  \nWho Enrolls in Postsecondary Education?  \nEQUITY INDICATOR 2  \nWhat Types of Postsecondary Institutions Do Students Attend?  \nEQUITY INDICATOR 3  \nDoes Financial Aid and Differences in College Cost Eliminate the Barriers to College Equity?  \nEQUITY INDICATOR 4  \nHow Do Students in the United States Pay for College?  \nEQUITY INDICATOR 5  \nHow Do Educational Attainment Rates and Outcomes Vary by Student Characteristics?  \nEQUITY INDICATOR 6  \nHow Does Educational Attainment in the U.S. Compare with Other Countries?  \nEQUITY INDICATOR 7  \nThe Federal TRIO Programs: Who, What, Where, When, Why and How Does TRIO Work?  \nREFERENCES AND RESOURCES  \nAPPENDIX A  \nAdditional Figures and Methodological Notes  \nDEDICATION & SPONSORS  \nSPECIAL DEDICATION  \nARNOLD MITCHEM & TOM MORTENSON  \nThe 2021 Indicators of Higher Education Equity in the United States report is once again dedicated to Arnold Mitchem and Tom Mortenson. Without the work of these two individuals, the report would not have been possible. Both have dedicated their careers to creating greater equity in educational opportunity. By producing this 2021 volume and continuing the Search for Solutions Shared Dialogues, we honor the legacy of their work and the seeds they have sown for increasing equity in higher education opportunity and outcomes in the United States.  \nSPECIAL THANKS FOR SUPPORT FROM:  \nThe Pell Institute and PennAHEAD thank the Lumina Foundation and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) for their financial support of the Indicators of Higher Education Equity in the United States: 2021 Historical Trend Report and the accompanying Search for Solutions Shared Dialogues. While we heartily acknowledge their support, any errors of omission or interpretation and the opinions expressed i","cbCaim9dA9WfKKxA","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaim9dA9WfKKxA","pdf",11932561,294,"English","# INTRODUCTION\n# SETTING THE STAGE\n## What Are the Contexts for Examining Equity in Postsecondary Education in the United States?\n# EQUITY INDICATOR 1\n## Who Enrolls in Postsecondary Education?\n# EQUITY INDICATOR 2\n## What Types of Postsecondary Institutions Do Students Attend?\n# EQUITY INDICATOR 3\n## Does Financial Aid and Differences in College Cost Eliminate the Barriers to College Equity?\n# EQUITY INDICATOR 4\n## How Do Students in the United States Pay for College?\n# EQUITY INDICATOR 5\n## How Do Educational Attainment Rates and Outcomes Vary by Student Characteristics?\n# EQUITY INDICATOR 6\n## How Does Educational Attainment in the U.S. Compare with Other Countries?\n# EQUITY INDICATOR 7\n## The Federal TRIO Programs: Who, What, Where, When, Why and How Does TRIO Work?\n# REFERENCES AND RESOURCES\n# APPENDIX A\n## Additional Figures and Methodological Notes\n# DEDICATION & SPONSORS","[{\"question\":\"What is the main question the report addresses about closing equity gaps?\",\"answer\":\"It asks when the United States will close the gap in higher education attainment by family income. The report uses estimated bachelor’s degree attainment by age 24 for dependent family members across income quartiles.\"},{\"question\":\"What do Equity Indicators 1 and 2 cover?\",\"answer\":\"Equity Indicator 1 focuses on who enrolls in postsecondary education. Equity Indicator 2 examines what types of postsecondary institutions students attend.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the report analyze barriers related to financial aid and college costs?\",\"answer\":\"Equity Indicator 3 directly addresses whether financial aid and differences in college cost eliminate barriers to college equity, and it is positioned within a broader set of indicators on paying for college and outcomes.\"}]","INDICATORS OF HIGHER EDUCATION EQUITY IN THE UNITED STATES - 2021 HISTORICAL TREND REPORT | PDF",1792058686,741]