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The report frames when the U.S. will close equity gaps and presents equity indicator themes covering enrollment patterns, institution types, financial aid and college cost barriers, and methods students use to pay. It also compares educational attainment and early outcomes across family characteristics and with other countries, supported by Pell Institute and PennAHEAD research and data sources.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/indicators-of-higher-education-equity-in-the-united-states-2019-historical-trend-report/586500/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/indicators-of-higher-education-equity-in-the-united-states-2019-historical-trend-report/586500.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Quinn Holloway","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-06","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does the report measure for dependent students?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It estimates bachelor’s degree attainment by age 24 for dependent family members, broken down by family income quartile over time from 1970 to 2017.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which equity indicators are included?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The report covers six equity indicators: enrollment, institution type, whether financial aid removes financial barriers, how students pay for college, variation in attainment and early outcomes by family characteristics, and U.S. comparisons with other countries.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Who produces and supports the report?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The Pell Institute for the Study of Opportunity in Higher Education and PennAHEAD collaborate on the report, with financial support noted from organizations including the Travelers Foundation, Lumina Foundation, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},586500,1792190781,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},2336474466712,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","INDICATORS  \nOF HIGHER EDUCATION EQUITY IN THE UNITED STATES  \n2019 HISTORICAL TREND REPORT  \nEstimates of Bachelor’s Degree Attainment by Age 24 for Dependent Family Members by Family Income Quartile: 1970 to 2017  \n70%  \n60%  \n50%  \n40%  \n40%  \nWhen will the U. S.  \nclose the gap in higher education attainment by family income?  \n30%  \n20%  \n10%  \n0%  \n1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020  \n First (Lowest) Quartile  Second Quartile  Third Quartile  Fourth (Highest) Quartile  \nThe Pell Institute for the Study of Opportunity in Higher Education  \nconducts and disseminates research and policy analysis to encourage policymakers, educators, and the public to improve educational opportunities and outcomes of low-income,ÄYZ[􀀔NLULYH[PVU Z[\\KLU[Z􀀓 HUK Z[\\KLU[Z ^P[O KPZHIPSP[PLZ􀀕 ;OL Pell Institute is sponsored by the Council for Opportunity in,K\\JH[PVU 􀀏*6,􀀐􀀕 ;OL 7LSS 0UZ[P[\\[L ZOHYLZ [OL TPZZPVU VM [OL Council to advance and defend the ideal of equal opportunity in WVZ[ZLJVUKHY` LK\\JH[PVU􀀕 (Z Z\\JO􀀓 [OL MVJ\\Z VM [OL *V\\UJPS PZ [V LUZ\\YL [OH[[OL SLHZ[ HK]HU[HNLK ZLNTLU[Z VM [OL (TLYPJHU population have a realistic chance to enter and graduate from a  \nWVZ[ZLJVUKHY` PUZ[P[\\[PVU􀀕  \n[www.pellinstitute.org](www.pellinstitute.org)  \nAlliance for Higher Education and Democracy, University of Pennsylvania (PennAHEAD)  \nis dedicated to advancing higher education policy and practices [OH[ MVZ[LY VWLU􀀓 LX\\P[HISL􀀓 HUK KLTVJYH[PJ ZVJPL[PLZ􀀕 +YH^PUN VU the intellectual resources of the University of Pennsylvania and a global alliance of higher education and academic leaders, Penn (/,(+ HJOPL]LZ P[Z TPZZPVU I` JYLH[PUN RUV^SLKNL􀀓 PTWYV]PUN WYHJ[PJL􀀓 HUK I\\PSKPUN JHWHJP[`􀀕 ;OYV\\NO LUNHNLTLU[ ^P[O policymakers, institutional leaders, scholars, and practitioners,(/,(+ WYVK\\JLZ YLZLHYJO HUK HWWSPLZ YLZLHYJO􀀔IHZLK knowledge to address the most pressing issues pertaining to [OL W\\ISPJ W\\YWVZLZ VM OPNOLY LK\\JH[PVU PU [OL \u003C􀀕:􀀕 HUK HJYVZZ [OL NSVIL􀀕  \n[www.ahead-penn.org](www.ahead-penn.org)  \nCONTENTS  \n6  \n10  \n36  \n64  \n78  \n92  \n118  \n148  \n154  \n164  \nINTRODUCTION  \nSETTING THE STAGE  \nWhat Are the Contexts for Examining Equity in Postsecondary Education in the United States?  \nEQUITY INDICATOR 1  \nWho Enrolls in Postsecondary Education?  \nEQUITY INDICATOR 2  \nWhat Type of Postsecondary Educational Institution Do Students Attend?  \nEQUITY INDICATOR 3  \nDoes Financial Aid Eliminate the Financial Barriers to Paying College Costs?  \nEQUITY INDICATOR 4  \nHow Do Students in the United States Pay for College?  \nEQUITY INDICATOR 5  \nHow Do Educational Attainment Rates and Early Outcomes Vary by Family Characteristics?  \nEQUITY INDICATOR 6  \nHow Does Educational Attainment in the U.S. Compare with Other Countries?  \nREFERENCES AND RESOURCES  \nAPPENDIX A  \nAdditional Methodological Notes and Figures  \nDEDICATION & SPONSORS  \nSPECIAL DEDICATION  \nARNOLD MITCHEM & TOM MORTENSON  \nThe 2019 Indicators of Higher Education Equity in the United States report is once again dedicated to Arnold Mitchem and Tom Mortenson. Without the work of these two individuals, the report would not have been possible. Both have dedicated their careers to creating greater equity in educational opportunity. By producing this 2019 volume and continuing the Search for Solutions Shared Dialogues, we honor the legacy of their work and the seeds they have sown for increasing equity in higher education opportunity and outcomes in the United States.  \nSPECIAL THANKS FOR SUPPORT FROM:  \nThe Pell Institute and PennAHEAD thank the Travelers Foundation, Lumina Foundation, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation for their financial support of the Indicators of Higher Education Equity in the United States Historical Trend Report: 2019 and the accompanying Search for Solutions Shared Dialogues. While we heartily acknowledge their support, any errors of omission or interpretation and the opinions expressed in the report are the sole responsibility of the authors.  \nACKNOWLEDGEMENTS  \nThis report represents a","cbCaiahCKj27fhmK","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiahCKj27fhmK","pdf",4100274,180,"English","# Introduction\n# Setting the Stage\n## What Are the Contexts for Examining Equity in Postsecondary Education in the United States?\n# Equity Indicator 1\n## Who Enrolls in Postsecondary Education?\n# Equity Indicator 2\n## What Type of Postsecondary Educational Institution Do Students Attend?\n# Equity Indicator 3\n## Does Financial Aid Eliminate the Financial Barriers to Paying College Costs?\n# Equity Indicator 4\n## How Do Students in the United States Pay for College?\n# Equity Indicator 5\n## How Do Educational Attainment Rates and Early Outcomes Vary by Family Characteristics?\n# Equity Indicator 6\n## How Does Educational Attainment in the U.S. Compare with Other Countries?\n# References and Resources\n# Appendix A\n## Additional Methodological Notes and Figures","[{\"question\":\"What does the report measure for dependent students?\",\"answer\":\"It estimates bachelor’s degree attainment by age 24 for dependent family members, broken down by family income quartile over time from 1970 to 2017.\"},{\"question\":\"Which equity indicators are included?\",\"answer\":\"The report covers six equity indicators: enrollment, institution type, whether financial aid removes financial barriers, how students pay for college, variation in attainment and early outcomes by family characteristics, and U.S. comparisons with other countries.\"},{\"question\":\"Who produces and supports the report?\",\"answer\":\"The Pell Institute for the Study of Opportunity in Higher Education and PennAHEAD collaborate on the report, with financial support noted from organizations including the Travelers Foundation, Lumina Foundation, and the Bill \\u0026 Melinda Gates Foundation.\"}]","Indicators of Higher Education Equity in the United States - 2019 Historical Trend Report | PDF",1792058123,454]