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It outlines estimates for bachelor’s degree attainment by age 24 across income quartiles over time (1970 to 2016) and presents six equity indicators addressing enrollment, institution type, financial aid barriers, college payment paths, attainment variation by family characteristics, and international comparisons. The report is produced through collaboration between Pell Institute and PennAHEAD.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/indicators-of-higher-education-equity-in-the-united-states-2018-historical-trend-report/586448/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/indicators-of-higher-education-equity-in-the-united-states-2018-historical-trend-report/586448.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Quinn Holloway","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",5,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What question does the 2018 report address about equity in U.S. higher education?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"It examines when the United States will close the gap in higher education attainment by family income.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How are students’ outcomes analyzed in the report?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"The report uses estimates of bachelor’s degree attainment by age 24 for dependent family members, broken out by family income quartiles over time.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What is the role of financial aid in the equity indicators?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"An equity indicator specifically asks whether financial aid eliminates financial barriers to paying college costs, and another addresses how students pay for college in the United States.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},586448,1792190781,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,100,105,110,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":101,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},8,30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":55,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":111,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},2336474466712,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","INDICATORS  \nOF HIGHER EDUCATION EQUITY IN THE UNITED STATES  \nWhen will the U. S .  \nclose the gap in higher education attainment by family income?  \n20%  \n10%  \n0%  \n15%  \n11%  \n6%  \nFourth (Highest) Quartile, 58%  \nThird Quartile, 41%  \nSecond Quartile, 20%  \nFirst (Lowest) Quartile, 11%  \n1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020  \n First (Lowest) Quartile  Second Quartile  Third Quartile  Fourth (Highest) Quartile  \n2018 HISTORICAL TREND REPORT  \n70%  \n60%  \n50%  \n40% 40%  \n30%  \nEstimates of Bachelor’s Degree Attainment by Age 24 for Dependent Family Members by Family Income Quartile: 1970 to 2016  \nThe Pell Institute for the Study of Opportunity in Higher Education  \nconducts and disseminates research and policy analysis to encourage policymakers, educators, and the public to improve educational opportunities and outcomes of low-income,  \nfirst-generation students, and students with disabilities. The Pell Institute is sponsored by the Council for Opportunity in Education (COE) . The Pell Institute shares the mission of the Council to advance and defend the ideal of equal opportunity in postsecondary education. As such, the focus of the Council is to ensure that the least advantaged segments of the American population have a realistic chance to enter and graduate from a  \npostsecondary institution.  \n[www.pellinstitute.org](www.pellinstitute.org)  \nAlliance for Higher Education and Democracy, University of Pennsylvania (PennAHEAD)  \nis dedicated to advancing higher education policy and practices that foster open, equitable, and democratic societies. Drawing on the intellectual resources of the University of Pennsylvania and a global alliance of higher education and academic leaders, Penn AHEAD achieves its mission by creating knowledge, improving practice, and building capacity. Through engagement with policymakers, institutional leaders, scholars, and practitioners, AHEAD produces research and applies research-based knowledge to address the most pressing issues pertaining to the public purposes of higher education in the U.S. and across  \nthe globe.  \n[www.ahead-penn.org](www.ahead-penn.org)  \nCONTENTS  \n6  \n10  \n30  \n54  \n66  \n80  \n96  \n122  \n128  \n137  \nINTRODUCTION  \nSETTING THE STAGE  \nWhat Are the Contexts for Examining Equity in Postsecondary Education in the United States?  \nEQUITY INDICATOR 1  \nWho Enrolls in Postsecondary Education?  \nEQUITY INDICATOR 2  \nWhat Type of Postsecondary Educational Institution Do Students Attend?  \nEQUITY INDICATOR 3  \nDoes Financial Aid Eliminate the Financial Barriers to Paying College Costs?  \nEQUITY INDICATOR 4  \nHow Do Students in the United States Pay for College?  \nEQUITY INDICATOR 5  \nHow Do Educational Attainment Rates and Early Outcomes Vary by Family Characteristics?  \nEQUITY INDICATOR 6  \nHow Does Educational Attainment in the U.S. Compare with Other Countries?  \nREFERENCES  \nAPPENDIX A  \nAdditional Methodological Notes and Figures  \nDEDICATION & SPONSORS  \nSPECIAL DEDICATION  \nARNOLD MITCHEM & TOM MORTENSON  \nThe 2018 Indicators of Higher Education Equity in the United States report is dedicated to Arnold Mitchem and Tom Mortenson. Without the work of these two individuals, the report would not have been possible. Both have dedicated their careers to creating greater equity in educational opportunity. By producing this 2018 volume and continuing the Equity of Postsecondary Opportunity Shared Dialogues, we honor the legacy of their work and the seeds they have sown for increasing equity of higher education opportunity in the United States.  \nSPECIAL THANKS FOR SUPPORT FROM:  \nThe Pell Institute and PennAHEAD thank the Travelers Foundation and Lumina Foundation for their financial support of the 2018 Indicators of Higher Education Equity in the United States Historical Trend Report and the accompanying Search for Solutions Shared Dialogues. While we heartily acknowledge their support, any errors of omission or interpretation and the opinions expressed in","cbCaihzLTkBhXhqx","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihzLTkBhXhqx","pdf",3299258,152,"English","# INTRODUCTION\n## SETTING THE STAGE\n## Equity Indicator 1: Who Enrolls in Postsecondary Education?\n## Equity Indicator 2: What Type of Postsecondary Educational Institution Do Students Attend?\n## Equity Indicator 3: Does Financial Aid Eliminate the Financial Barriers to Paying College Costs?\n## Equity Indicator 4: How Do Students in the United States Pay for College?\n## Equity Indicator 5: How Do Educational Attainment Rates and Early Outcomes Vary by Family Characteristics?\n## Equity Indicator 6: How Does Educational Attainment in the U.S. Compare with Other Countries?\n# REFERENCES\n## APPENDIX A: Additional Methodological Notes and Figures","[{\"question\":\"What question does the 2018 report address about equity in U.S. higher education?\",\"answer\":\"It examines when the United States will close the gap in higher education attainment by family income.\"},{\"question\":\"How are students’ outcomes analyzed in the report?\",\"answer\":\"The report uses estimates of bachelor’s degree attainment by age 24 for dependent family members, broken out by family income quartiles over time.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the role of financial aid in the equity indicators?\",\"answer\":\"An equity indicator specifically asks whether financial aid eliminates financial barriers to paying college costs, and another addresses how students pay for college in the United States.\"}]","INDICATORS OF HIGHER EDUCATION EQUITY IN THE UNITED STATES - 2018 HISTORICAL TREND REPORT | PDF",1792057940,383]