[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-318752-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":81,"doc-detail-318752-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","indian-writing-in-english-indian-writing-in-english","Indian Writing in English - Indian Writing in English","","Scholarly overview of English in India and the development of Indian English literature, combining historical context with literary analysis. The text traces how English arrived through the East India Company and missionary efforts, then contrasts Orientalists and Anglicists over language policy and cultural direction. It follows key educational and publishing milestones and explains how Macaulay’s policies shaped the emergence of English-educated classes and bilingual interpreters. The contents then expand to major Indian writers and English poetry traditions.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/literature/","Literature",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/indian-writing-in-english-indian-writing-in-english/318752/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/indian-writing-in-english-indian-writing-in-english/318752.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Noah","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-25","2026-09-20",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"How did English first reach India according to the text?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"English reached India through the East India Company’s trading activities and early English missionary efforts in the early 1600s, alongside officials and scholars interested in India’s past.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"What was the debate between Orientalists and Anglicists?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Orientalists favored Indian classical languages and valued traditional learning, while Anglicists supported English; the missionaries and Anglicists were described as seeing Indian languages and people as degenerate in contrast to Western civilization.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What role did Macaulay’s Minute play in English education?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Macaulay’s policy framework, drafted in 1835, endorsed the goal of forming a class of English-educated interpreters—Indians in blood and colour but English in taste, opinion, morals, and intellect.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},318752,1790546714,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,91,95,100,105,110,115,120,123,127],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":89,"slug":90},80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":92,"show_sort_weight":93,"slug":94},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":96,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":101,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":122},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":126},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":128,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":130},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":132},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":133,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":26,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146},8796095462418,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/80000253c1241d02b47?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1778826106357471780","INDIAN WRITING IN ENGLISH  \nPrepared by A Team of Eminent Academics  \nEdited by  \nDr. Kalyani Valla th  \nContents  \n1) English in India 3  \n2) Indian Fiction in English: An Introduction 6  \n3) Raja Rao 32  \n4) Mulk Raj Anand 34  \n5) R K Narayan 36  \n6) Sri Aurobindo 38  \n7) Kamala Markandaya’s Indian Women Protagonists 40  \n8) Shashi Deshpande 47  \n9) Arun Joshi 50  \n10) The Shadow Lines 54  \n11) Early Indian English Poetry 57  \na. Toru Dutt 59  \nb. Michael Madusudan Dutta 60  \nc. Sarojini Naidu 62  \n12) Contemporary Indian English Poetry 63  \n13) The Use of Irony in Indian English Poetry 68  \n14) A K Ramanujan 73  \n15) Nissim Ezekiel 79  \n16) Kamala Das 81  \n17) Girish Karnad as a Playwright 83  \nEnglish in India  \nI’ll have them fly to India for gold,  \nRansack the ocean for oriental pearl!  \nThese are the words of Dr. Faustus in Christopher Marlowe’s play Dr Faustus. The play was written almost in the same year as the East India Company launched upon its trading adventures in India. Marlowe’s words here symbolize the Elizabethan spirit of adventure. Dr. Faustus sells his soul to the devil, converts his knowledge into power, and power into an earthly paradise. British East India Company had a similar ambition, the ambition of power.  \nThe English came to India primarily as traders. The East India Company, chartered on 31 December, 1600, was a body of the most enterprising merchants of the City of London. Slowly, the trading organization grew into a ruling power. As a ruler, the Company thought of its obligation to civilize the natives; they offered their language byway of education in exchange for the loyalty and commitment of their subjects.  \nOrientalists and Anglicists  \nEnglish language reached Indian in the early 1600’s when the East India Company started trading and English missionaries first began their efforts. Some of the early officials of the company like Sir William Jones were interested in the rediscovery of India’s past. Sir William Jones established the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal in 1784 and Sir Thomas Munro too was much impressed by the Indian culture. These men came to be called ‘Brahmanised Britons’ or ‘Orientalists’ because they admired oriental culture and deprecated the idea of introducing Western Civilization into India. The Orientalists were in the favour of use of classical languages of Indian tradition, such as Sanskrit and Persian. The Anglicists, on the other hand, supported English. In their debate with the Orientalists, the missionaries and the Anglicists have perceived Indian languages and people as degenerate. Orientalists supported the use of Indian languages, while the Anglicists favoured English.  \nThe Beginnings  \nBy the beginning of the 19th century, Britain – or East India Company – was more or less the master of the situation in India. In 1813, the commercial monopoly of the company ended, and the British in India assumed, beside police functions, missions of educating as well as civilizing the population. A token grant of Rupees one lakh per year was made for education and the idea was to promote only Oriental education. Printing presses in different parts of the country and books in the vernacular as well as in English were coming out since the beginning of the 18th century. Along with grammars, dictionaries and translations, the printing presses also gave rise to the first ever newspaper—Hicky’s Bengal Gazette; others followed in due course. Last came the private schools that imparted English education—such schools have been started as early as 1717 at Cuddalore near Chennai, 1718 at Mumbai, and 1720 at Kolkata, culminating in the establishment of Hindu College in 1817. The Hindu College started by Raja Ram Mohan Roy and his friends, later became the Presidency College in 1855.  \nWestern education was spreading fast in different parts of Indian and was doing much better than the institutions imparting oriental education. The Orientalists and the Anglicists continued to wrangle bu","cbCaifAOhnX8skEt","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifAOhnX8skEt","pdf",581324,85,"English","# Contents\n## English in India\n## Indian Fiction in English: An Introduction\n## Raja Rao\n## Mulk Raj Anand\n## R K Narayan\n## Sri Aurobindo\n## Kamala Markandaya’s Indian Women Protagonists\n## Shashi Deshpande\n## Arun Joshi\n## The Shadow Lines\n## Early Indian English Poetry\n## Contemporary Indian English Poetry\n## The Use of Irony in Indian English Poetry\n## A K Ramanujan\n## Nissim Ezekiel\n## Kamala Das\n## Girish Karnad as a Playwright\n## Orientalists and Anglicists\n## The Beginnings\n## Macaulay’s Minutes","[{\"question\":\"How did English first reach India according to the text?\",\"answer\":\"English reached India through the East India Company’s trading activities and early English missionary efforts in the early 1600s, alongside officials and scholars interested in India’s past.\"},{\"question\":\"What was the debate between Orientalists and Anglicists?\",\"answer\":\"Orientalists favored Indian classical languages and valued traditional learning, while Anglicists supported English; the missionaries and Anglicists were described as seeing Indian languages and people as degenerate in contrast to Western civilization.\"},{\"question\":\"What role did Macaulay’s Minute play in English education?\",\"answer\":\"Macaulay’s policy framework, drafted in 1835, endorsed the goal of forming a class of English-educated interpreters—Indians in blood and colour but English in taste, opinion, morals, and intellect.\"}]","Indian Writing in English - Indian Writing in English | PDF",1789941136,131]