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Using NCES Beginning Postsecondary Students (1990–94) data, descriptive statistics and logistic regression show that subsidized loans taken in the first year improve persistence, while the first-year aid pattern does not eliminate income gaps in attainment. Living on campus and first-year GPA are the strongest predictors of on-time completion.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/income-and-financial-aid-effects-on-persistence-and-degree-attainment-in-public-colleges/602376/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/income-and-financial-aid-effects-on-persistence-and-degree-attainment-in-public-colleges/602376.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"dawugda","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does the study examine about financial aid?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It examines how financial aid is distributed among financially dependent four-year college students and evaluates the effectiveness of different aid types for persistence and timely bachelor’s degree attainment.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What finding relates subsidized loans to student persistence?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The study finds that subsidized loans taken in the first year of college have a positive effect on persistence.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which factors most strongly predict timely degree completion?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Living on campus and first-year grade point average are identified as the most important predictors of timely degree completion.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},602376,1792457639,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},3985747870947,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","A peer-reviewed scholarly journal Editor: Gene V Glass College of Education  \nArizona State University  \nCopyright is retained by the first or sole author, who grants right of first publication to the EDUCATION POLICY ANALYSIS ARCHIVES. EPAAis a project of the Education Policy Studies Laboratory.  \nArticles appearing in EPAA are abstracted in the Current Index to Journals in Education by the ERIC Clearinghouse on Assessment and Evaluation and are permanently archived in Resources in Education.  \nPDF file of this article available:   \nThis article has been retrieved  times since May 12, 2004  \nVolume 12 Number 21 May 12, 2004 ISSN 1068-2341  \nIncome and Financial Aid Effects on Persistence and Degree Attainment in Public Colleges  \nAlicia C. Dowd  \nUniversity of Massachusetts Boston  \nCitation: Dowd A. ,(2004, May 12) . Income and financial aid effects on persistence and degree attainment in public colleges. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 12(21) . Retrieved [Date] from [http://epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v12n21/](http://epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v12n21/) .  \nAbstract  \nThis study examined the distribution of financial aid among  \nfinancially dependent four-year college students and the  \neffectiveness of different types of financial aid in promoting student persistence and timely bachelor’s degree attainment. The findings of descriptive statistical and logistic regression analyses using the NCES Beginning Postsecondary Students (1990-94) data show that subsidized loans taken in the first year of college have a positive effect on persistence. The first-year distribution of aid does not close the income gap in bachelor’s degree attainment. Living on campus and first-year grade point average are the most important predictors of timely degree completion.  \nIn the latter half of the twentieth century, the states and federal government of the United States developed a complex higher education financing system. This system serves many purposes, among them the stimulation of private investments in higher education, economic development, and the redress of inequitable access to college for groups that were traditionally excluded. The financing system has many components, including direct subsidies for public  \ncolleges and universities and financial aid for students. Direct operating subsidies are the foundation on which states offer higher education to all citizens at a much lower price than that offered by the private sector. Further discounts on the subsidized price are available to eligible students through grants, scholarships, and loans. In addition, a student’s ability to choose a private or public college is supported, as financial aid is also made available to enroll in the more expensive private sector (Policy of Choice , 2002) . (Note 1) Alongside affirmative action, the creation of public colleges and the financial aid system has been a central mechanism for addressing economic and social inequality in the U. S. However, despite the development of this complex system over half a century, college participation in the United States continues to show marked differences by family income (Access Denied, 2001; Ellwood & Kane, 1998; Kane, 1999 Chap.4) .  \nThe higher education financing system serves students from all socioeconomic backgrounds. Not surprisingly, the distribution of benefits among these groups is continually being reshaped amid competing claims for resources. The workstudy program, grants, and subsidized loans emerged as part of the War on Poverty. The federal subsidized loan program to aid low-income students was institutionalized in 1965 by the Higher Education Act, and today’s Pell grants were established in 1972 as the Basic Education Opportunity Grant. Shortly thereafter, in 1978 when the Middle Income Student Assistance Act made subsidized federal loans available without income restrictions, the middle class was also firmly established as an important and powerful financial aid constituency (Hansen & Stampen, 1981) . Today,","cbCail5yZioTGcv8","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCail5yZioTGcv8","pdf",162430,33,"English","# Abstract\n## Financial aid effects on persistence and timely degree attainment\n## Higher education financing system and equity goals\n## Federal and state aid programs over time\n## Institutional accountability and graduation-rate pressure","[{\"question\":\"What does the study examine about financial aid?\",\"answer\":\"It examines how financial aid is distributed among financially dependent four-year college students and evaluates the effectiveness of different aid types for persistence and timely bachelor’s degree attainment.\"},{\"question\":\"What finding relates subsidized loans to student persistence?\",\"answer\":\"The study finds that subsidized loans taken in the first year of college have a positive effect on persistence.\"},{\"question\":\"Which factors most strongly predict timely degree completion?\",\"answer\":\"Living on campus and first-year grade point average are identified as the most important predictors of timely degree completion.\"}]","Income and Financial Aid Effects on Persistence and Degree Attainment in Public Colleges | PDF",1792094565,83]