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Encapsulation efficiency reaches 68%, and in vitro release follows Hixson−Crowell kinetics. In mouse brain ROS assays, the niosomes significantly lower luminol−lucigenin chemiluminescence signal versus metformin alone.",{"@graph":14,"@context":72},[15,34,55],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & 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\n[http://pubs.acs.org/journal/acsodf](http://pubs.acs.org/journal/acsodf)  Article   \nIn Vitro Drug Release Kinetics and Antioxidant Activity of Metformin-Loaded Niosomes  \nEmine Esin alıkan, Yalın elik Aydın, Emine Nur Ozbek, Ilayda Alcın, Emrah Kilinc, Gunay Yetik Anacak,* and Emel Oyku Cetin Uyanikgil  \n Cite This: ACS Omega 2025, 10, 58225−58237  \nRead Online  \n\n|  |  |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| ACCESS   | Metrics & More |  |  Article Recommendations |\n\nABSTRACT: Metformin is an antidiabetic drug that is widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and is known to reduce oxidative stress. Drug-loaded niosomes enhance the cellular uptake of drugs, resulting in improved antioxidant effects. In this study, we formulated metformin-loaded niosomes, aiming to enhance cellular drug uptake and augment antioxidant effects. The particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential values were found to be 153.8 nm, 0.449, and −9.32 mV respectively. Morphological observations conducted through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provided insights into the distinctive structure of the niosomes. Entrapment efficiency of drug-loaded niosomes was determined to be 68%. In vitro drug release studies, performed by using the dialysis bag method, exhibited a release profile consistent with Hixson−Crowell kinetics. After characterization of the formulations, the antioxidant activity of metformin-loaded niosomes on Pyrogallol-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in the mouse brain was compared with metformin treatment alone. ROS formation was measured by a luminol−lucigenin chemiluminescence assay. Metformin-loaded niosomes significantly reduced ROS formation compared to metformin treatment alone. Metformin-loaded niosomes offer potential for enhanced antioxidant effects and bioavailability by increasing cellular uptake of metformin.  \n1. INTRODUCTION  \nThe disadvantages of conventional drug delivery systems, such as limited pharmacokinetic performance and tissue distribution, adverse effects, clearance by the reticuloendothelial system, and inadequate cellular uptake, have necessitated the development of next-generation drug delivery technologies.1,2 In recent years, nanostructured drug delivery systems have emerged as promising solutions to these challenges. Among them are various carrier platforms, including polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, niosomes, micelles, dendrimers, and mesoporous silica nanoparticles.3 Liposomes and niosomes are particularly notable for their ability to enhance bioavailability, enable targeted delivery, and minimize toxic effects.4  \nNiosomes are multilamellar vesicular drug delivery systems structurally similar to liposomes, containing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups. 1 While both can encapsulate hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs and offer targeted delivery with improved bioavailability,5,6 niosomes differ from liposomes in that they are composed of nonionic surfactants such as Tween, Span, and Brij rather than phospholipids.7 Due to this structural difference, niosomes are more resistant to oxidation, cost-effective and stable compared to liposomes.7,8 Common methods for preparing niosomes include thin-film hydration, ether injection, reversed-phase evaporation, and  \nsonication. In the frequently used thin-film hydration method, cholesterol and nonionic surfactants are dissolved in the organic phase in a round-bottomed flask. The organic phase is then evaporated under low pressure in a rotary evaporator to obtain a thin-film layer. The film is then hydrated with water or phosphate buffer to form multilamellar vesicles.7,9, 10  \nMetformin is a widely prescribed first-line drug for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with several benefits beyond its glucose-lowering effect, including neuroprotective and antioxidant properties. Recent studies suggest that metformin maybe a potential therapeutic agent in neurodegenerative diseases s","cbCaibFEj1RuixSp","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaibFEj1RuixSp","pdf",7497834,13,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n# Materials and Methods\n## Materials\n## Preparation of Niosome Formulations","[{\"question\":\"What is the main goal of formulating metformin-loaded niosomes?\",\"answer\":\"To enhance cellular uptake of metformin and augment antioxidant effects compared with metformin treatment alone.\"},{\"question\":\"What formulation characteristics were measured for the metformin-loaded niosomes?\",\"answer\":\"Particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, morphology by SEM, and entrapment efficiency (68%).\"},{\"question\":\"How was the in vitro drug release behavior assessed and what model did it match?\",\"answer\":\"Release was tested using the dialysis bag method and showed a profile consistent with Hixson−Crowell kinetics.\"}]","In Vitro Drug Release Kinetics and Antioxidant Activity of Metformin-Loaded Niosomes | PDF",1790706564,33]