[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-419186-105":59,"doc-detail-419186-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","in-situ-mechanostimulation-of-biohybrid-millirobots-for-enhanced-cell-functionality-and-delivery","In situ mechanostimulation of biohybrid millirobots for enhanced cell functionality and delivery","","Engineering a perforated soft millirobot that performs in situ mechanostimulation while delivering cells locally, this study enhances both cell function and therapeutic transport. Protein modification and silica coating create biocompatible millirobots whose porous architectures support adhesion and tissue ingrowth under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Mechanostimulation improves muscle-cell orientation, myotube contraction, and differentiation across 2D cell sheets, 3D cell-laden hydrogels, and ex vivo tissue models. An integrated magnetic-actuation and ultrasound-imaging platform demonstrates proof-of-principle delivery to narrow ex vivo pig liver regions.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/in-situ-mechanostimulation-of-biohybrid-millirobots-for-enhanced-cell-functionality-and-delivery/419186/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/in-situ-mechanostimulation-of-biohybrid-millirobots-for-enhanced-cell-functionality-and-delivery/419186.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Chumphorn","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-04","2026-09-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What dual functions does the proposed millirobot provide?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"It delivers cells locally and applies in situ mechanostimulation to enhance cell functionality.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How are the soft millirobots prepared to support cell performance?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"They are produced after protein modification and silica coating to achieve excellent biocompatibility and promote adhesion and tissue ingrowth.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What proof-of-principle delivery is demonstrated?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"An integrated magnetic actuation plus ultrasound imaging platform delivers 2D cell sheets and 3D cell-laden biohybrid millirobots to narrow regions in an ex vivo pig liver model.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},419186,1790790138,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":56,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},2336475401981,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/22000c94efd8d5204d?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1786935347598174694","ENGINEERING  \nIn situ mechanostimulation of biohybrid millirobots for enhanced cell functionality and delivery  \nJianhua Zhang1,2,3*†, Xianqiang Bao2,4†, Zhou Zhu5†, Rongjing Zhang6, Chunxiang Wang2, Mingtong Li2, Kaichen Xu1, Yong He1, Dietmar W. Hutmacher3,7, Ziyu Ren6*, Metin Sitti2,3,8*  \nThis study proposes a perforated, soft millirobot with dual functions: in situ mechanostimulation to enhance cell functionality and local cell delivery. Following protein modification and silica coating, the soft millirobots exhibit excellent biocompatibility, promoting cell adhesion and tissue ingrowth within their perforated architectures under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. They can apply in situ mechanostimulation to various cellular morphologies, including two-dimensional (2D) cell sheets, 3D cell–laden hydrogels, and ex vivo tissue models. The mechanical stimulation improves the functionality of muscle cells by enhancing cellular orientation, myotube contraction, and myocyte differentiation. In parallel, we develop an integrated robotic platform combining magnetic actuation with ultrasound imaging. It demonstrates the proof of principle that delivers 2D cell-sheet and 3D cell–laden biohybrid millirobots to narrow regions in an ex vivo pig liver model. This work expands the potential applications of soft millirobots in mechanobiology studies and future cell-based therapies.  \ncopyright © 2026 the Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. no claim to original U.S.  \nGovernment Works. distributed under a creative commons Attribution license 4.0 (cc BY) .  \nINTRODUCTION  \nCell-based therapeutics has emerged with the potential to treat many currently intractable diseases through uniquely powerful modes of action (1–3). The most convenient and direct method for cell delivery is the injection of a cell suspension directly into diseased tissues. This straightforward approach can be effectively used in conditions, such as osteoarthritis, where cells can be easily administered to the affected tissues via intra-articular or intratendinous injection (4). However, in cases involving substantial structural defects or internal tissue and organ delivery, the injections may lead to side effects, complications, and low cell concentration at the lesion site due to biological fluid flow– related cell loss (5). The efficacy of cell-based therapy depends on the precise delivery of viable cells to target sites, where cells can exert therapeutic effects through migration, proliferation, and differentiation, thereby facilitating tissue and organ repair.  \nTo improve the low targeting efficiency of current cell-based therapies, some researchers have proposed the use of magnetically actuated microrobots for targeted cell delivery (6–8) . The microrobots are assembled by seeding cells on a porous magnetic microstructure fabricated by two-photon polymerization three-dimensional (3D) microprinting (2, 9, 10) or forming magnetic spheroids through a  \n1State Key laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems & liangzhu laboratory, School of Mechanical engineering, Zhejiang University, hangzhou 310027, china. 2Physical intelligence department, Max Planck institute for intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany. 3Max Planck Queensland center (MPQc) for the Materials Science of extracellular Matrices, Queensland University of technology, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia. 4Jiangsu Provincial Joint international Research laboratory of Medical information Processing, School of computer Science and engineering, Southeast University and Key laboratory of new Generation Artificial intelligence technology and its interdisciplinary Applications (Southeast University), Ministry of education, nanjing 211189, china. 5State Key laboratory of Oral diseases, national clinical Research center for Oral diseases, West china hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, chengdu 610041, china. 6School of Mechanical e","cbCaihGBU1KMkizu","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihGBU1KMkizu","pdf",5750583,"English","# Introduction\n## Cell-based therapeutics and delivery challenges\n## Magnetically actuated microrobots for targeted cell delivery\n## Limitations of existing microrobots\n## Advances in soft millirobots for biological environments","[{\"question\":\"What dual functions does the proposed millirobot provide?\",\"answer\":\"It delivers cells locally and applies in situ mechanostimulation to enhance cell functionality.\"},{\"question\":\"How are the soft millirobots prepared to support cell performance?\",\"answer\":\"They are produced after protein modification and silica coating to achieve excellent biocompatibility and promote adhesion and tissue ingrowth.\"},{\"question\":\"What proof-of-principle delivery is demonstrated?\",\"answer\":\"An integrated magnetic actuation plus ultrasound imaging platform delivers 2D cell sheets and 3D cell-laden biohybrid millirobots to narrow regions in an ex vivo pig liver model.\"}]","In situ mechanostimulation of biohybrid millirobots for enhanced cell functionality and delivery | PDF",1790616034,48]