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In Silico Insights Reveal Fibronectin 1 as a Theranostic Marker in Gastric Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 11113. [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)ijms252011113  \nAcademic Editor: Nam Deuk Kim  \nReceived: 28 September 2024  \nRevised: 9 October 2024  \nAccepted: 10 October 2024  \nPublished: 16 October 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Laboratory of Integrative Biology (LIBi), Centro de Excelencia en Medicina Traslacional (CEMT), Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4810296, Chile; [t.millapan01@ufromail.cl](t.millapan01@ufromail.cl) (T.M.)  \n2 Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8331150, Chile  \n3 Doctoral Program in Sciences with a Specialization in Applied Cellular and Molecular Biology, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4810296, Chile  \n4 Biotechnology Engineering Program, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4810296, Chile  \n5 BMRC, Biomedical Research Consortium, Santiago 8331150, Chile  \n6 Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4810296, Chile  \n* Correspondence: [carmen.ili@ufrontera.cl](carmen.ili@ufrontera.cl) (C.G.I.); [priscilla.brebi@ufrontera.cl](priscilla.brebi@ufrontera.cl) (P.B.); Tel.: +56-452596693 (C.G.I.); +56-452596583 (P.B.)  \nAbstract: Gastric cancer (GC) is a complex and highly variable disease, ranking among the top five cancers diagnosed globally, and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Emerging from stomach lining cells amid chronic inflammation, it often advances to preneoplastic stages. Late-stage diagnoses and treatment challenges highlight the critical need for early detection and innovative biomarkers, motivating this study’s focus on identifying theranostic markers through gene ontology analysis. By exploring deregulated biological processes, this study aims to uncover insights into cancer progression and associated markers, potentially identifying novel theranostic candidates in GC. Using public data from The Human Protein Atlas, this study pinpointed 299 prognostic genes, delineating 171 with unfavorable prognosis and 128 with favorable prognosis. Functional enrichment and protein–protein interaction analyses, supported by RNAseq results and conducted via Metascape and Cytoscape, highlighted five genes (vWF, FN1, THBS1, PCDH7, and F5) with promising theranostic potential. Notably, FN1 and THBS1 exhibited significant promise, with FN1 showing a 370% expression increase in cancerous tissue, and it is possible that FN1 can also indicate the stratification status in GC. While further validation is essential, these findings provide new insights into molecular alterations in GC and potential avenues for clinical application of theranostic markers.  \nKeywords: gastric cancer; theranostic markers; gene ontology; FN1 gene  \n1. Introduction  \nIn 2022, gastric cancer (GC) was responsible for approximately 660,000 deaths, ranking as the fifth leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide [1] . In Chile, the incidence rate of this cancer was estimated at 34.1 per 100,000 inhabitants, making it the leading cause of cancer-related deaths and contributing to 12.4% of total mortality [2] . GC originates from chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa and progresses through preneo","cbCaidFmuYrGcluW","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidFmuYrGcluW","pdf",2427925,16,"English","# Abstract\n## Introduction\n## Theranostics and biomarker rationale","[{\"question\":\"Why are theranostic biomarkers important in gastric cancer?\",\"answer\":\"They support more precise diagnosis and treatment by enabling early detection, guiding therapeutic choices, and improving monitoring of treatment response and adverse effects.\"},{\"question\":\"What data sources and methods were used to identify candidate markers?\",\"answer\":\"Public data from The Human Protein Atlas were analyzed to pinpoint prognostic genes, followed by functional enrichment and protein–protein interaction analyses using Metascape and Cytoscape, supported by RNAseq results.\"},{\"question\":\"Which genes showed the strongest theranostic potential, and what was notable about FN1?\",\"answer\":\"Five genes were highlighted as promising candidates (vWF, FN1, THBS1, PCDH7, and F5). FN1 and THBS1 were emphasized, with FN1 showing about a 370% expression increase in cancerous tissue and potentially reflecting stratification status in gastric cancer.\"}]","In Silico Insights Reveal Fibronectin 1 as a Theranostic Marker in Gastric Cancer | PDF",1789983123]