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Education policymakers increasingly apply data-driven strategies through initiatives such as Race to the Top and the creation of statewide longitudinal data systems. This paper conceptualizes leading indicators for education and demonstrates their use using examples from a small sample of school districts recognized for strong data practices.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/in-search-of-leading-indicators-in-education-abstract/602414/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/in-search-of-leading-indicators-in-education-abstract/602414.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"pixelkiddo","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-20","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does the paper say about the role of data in organizations?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Data are described as a key factor in organizational decision-making because they offer perspective, guidance, and insights that inform policy and practice.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which education initiatives are highlighted as examples of increased data use?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The abstract mentions Race to the Top and the development of statewide longitudinal data systems.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does the paper define leading indicators in education?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Leading indicators are defined as systematically collected data about an activity or condition connected to a subsequent valued outcome, including the investigation processes and associated responses.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},602414,1792210146,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":81,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},962090883892,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/e00115db34f3e0f11b?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1790152879550218658","| education policy analysis archives\u003Cbr>A peer-reviewed, independent, open access, multilingual journal | |\n| --- | --- |\n| Arizona State University |  |\n| Volume 20 Number 19 July 10, 2012 ISSN 1068-2341 |  |\n\nIn Search of Leading Indicators in Education  \nJonathan Supovitz  \nGraduate School of Education Consortium for Policy Research in Education University of Pennsylvania  \nEllen Foley  \nJacob Mishook  \nAnnenberg Institute for School Reform  \nBrown University  \nCitation: Supovitz, J., Foley, E., & Mishook, J. (2012) In Search of Leading Indicators in Education. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 20 (19) Retrieved [date], from  \n[http://epaa.asu.edu/ojs/article/view/952](http://epaa.asu.edu/ojs/article/view/952)  \nAbstract: Data have long been considered a key factor in organizational decision-making (Simon, 1955; Lindblom & Cohen, 1979) . Data offer perspective, guidance, and insights that inform policy and practice (Newell & Simon, 1972; Kennedy, 1984) . Recently, education policymakers have invested in the use of data for organizational improvement in states and districts with such initiatives as Race to The Top (United States Department of Education, 2010) and the development of statewide longitudinal data systems (Institute for Education Sciences, 2010) . These and other initiatives focus attention on how data can be used to foster learning and improvement. In other fields, including economics and business, much work has been done to identify leading indicators that predict organizational outcomes. In this paper, we conceptualize how leading indicators might  \nManuscript received: 05/04/2011  \nRevisions received: 12/14/2011  \nAccepted: 02/02/2012  \nEducation Policy Analysis Archives Vol. 20 No. 19 2  \nbe used in education, using examples from a small sample of school districts with reputations as strong users of data. We define leading indicators as systematically collected data on an activity or condition that is related to a subsequent and valued outcome, as well as the processes surrounding the investigation of those data and the associated responses. Identifying leading indicators often prompts improvements in a district’s system of supports. To develop this concept, we describe four examples of how districts identified and used key indicators to anticipate learning problems and improve student outcomes. We also describe the infrastructure and other supports that districts need to sustain this ambitious form of data use. We conclude by discussing how leading indicators can bring about more intelligent use of data in education.  \nKeywords: indicators; leading indicators; district reform; data use.  \nEn busca de indicadores claves en Educación  \nResumen: Recientemente, los responsables de las políticas publicas educativas han invertido eniniciativas que usan datos longitudinales y organizacionales para mejorar las políticas educativas delos estados y los distritos escolares. Estas y otras iniciativas como Race to the Top se enfocan en sobre cómo pueden ser utilizados los datos para promover y mejorar el aprendizaje. En otros campos, como la economía y la administración de negocios, se ha trabajado sostenidamente para identificar indicadores que puedan predecir resultados en las organizaciones. En este trabajo se conceptualizan como los indicadores clave se pueden utilizar en el campo educativo utilizando ejemplos de una pequeña muestra de distritos escolares con una buena reputación por ser usuarios frecuentes de datos. Se define como indicadores clave, aquellos que utilizan datos recogidossistemáticamente sobre una actividad o condición y que están relacionados con un resultado posterior valorado, así como los procesos que rodean la investigación de estos datos y las respuestas asociadas. La identificación de indicadores clave a menudo inicia las mejoras en un sistema de apoyo a los distritos escolares. Para desarrollar este concepto, se describen cuatro ejemplos de cómo distritos escolares identificaron y utilizaro","cbCaigMUZktpVgZy","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigMUZktpVgZy","pdf",259237,27,"English","# Abstract\n## Leading indicators in education\n## Data use for policy and practice\n## District examples and infrastructure needs\n## Conclusion","[{\"question\":\"What does the paper say about the role of data in organizations?\",\"answer\":\"Data are described as a key factor in organizational decision-making because they offer perspective, guidance, and insights that inform policy and practice.\"},{\"question\":\"Which education initiatives are highlighted as examples of increased data use?\",\"answer\":\"The abstract mentions Race to the Top and the development of statewide longitudinal data systems.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the paper define leading indicators in education?\",\"answer\":\"Leading indicators are defined as systematically collected data about an activity or condition connected to a subsequent valued outcome, including the investigation processes and associated responses.\"}]","In Search of Leading Indicators in Education - Abstract | PDF",1792094635,68]