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Adipose tissue is framed as an active endocrine and metabolic organ rather than a passive energy depot. Brown and beige fat are highlighted for their thermogenic capacity and potential as therapeutic targets for obesity, type 2 diabetes, and related metabolic disorders. The article integrates evidence on adrenergic signaling, transcription factors, exosomal microRNAs, and converging regulatory cues from cold, exercise, gut microbiota, and exosomal communication.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/in-recent-research-exosomal-and-molecular-regulators-of-browning-and-thermogenesis-in-adipose-tissues-review-article/455330/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/in-recent-research-exosomal-and-molecular-regulators-of-browning-and-thermogenesis-in-adipose-tissues-review-article/455330.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"LangkahRina","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What biological role does adipose tissue play according to the review?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Adipose tissue is described as an active endocrine and metabolic organ that coordinates metabolic cross-talk by secreting adipokines and influencing appetite, insulin sensitivity, inflammation, and thermal regulation.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How do white, beige, and brown adipose tissues differ in function?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"White adipose tissue mainly supports energy storage and can contribute to inflammation and insulin resistance when excessive. Beige adipose tissue can acquire brownlike thermogenic properties under specific stimuli. Brown adipose tissue is characterized by high mitochondrial density and strong thermogenic capacity.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Which regulatory factors and stimuli are emphasized as drivers of browning and thermogenesis?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The review emphasizes adrenergic signaling, transcription factors, exosomal microRNAs, and converging cues from cold exposure, exercise, gut microbiota, and exosomal communications that influence thermogenesis and browning.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},455330,1790790140,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146,"preview_page_count":4},962090893776,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences  \n\n| Volume 55  Number 6 | Article 2 |\n| --- | --- |\n| 12-12-2025\u003Cbr>In recent research: exosomal and molecular regulators of\u003Cbr>browning and thermogenesis in adipose tissues MERVE İNEL\u003Cbr>BAHADIR ÖZTÜRK\u003Cbr>Follow this and additional works at: [https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/medical](https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/medical)\u003Cbr> Part of the Medical Sciences Commons |  |\n\nRecommended Citation  \nİNEL, M, & ÖZTÜRK, B (2025) . In recent research: exosomal and molecular regulators of browning and thermogenesis in adipose tissues. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 55 (6): 1350-1361.  \n[https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-0144.6093](https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-0144.6093)  \nThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.  \nThis Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by TÜBİTAK Academic Journals. It has been accepted for inclusion in Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences by an authorized editor of TÜBİTAK Academic Journals. For more information, please contact [academic.publications@tubitak.gov.tr](academic.publications@tubitak.gov.tr)  \n\n| | Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences [http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/medical/](http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/medical/)\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>Review Article | Turk J Med Sci\u003Cbr>(2025) 55: 1350-1361 © TÜBİTAK\u003Cbr>doi:10.55730/1300-0144.6093 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| In recent research: exosomal and molecular regulators of browning and thermogenesis\u003Cbr>in adipose tissues\u003Cbr>Merve İNEL1,*􀁋, Bahadır ÖZTÜRK2􀁋\u003Cbr>1\u003Cbr>Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkiye 2\u003Cbr>Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkiye |  |  |\n| Received: 28.11.2024  Accepted/Published Online: 03.10.2025  Final Version: 12.12.2025 |  |  |\n\nAbstract: This review synthesizes current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms regulating brown, white, and beige adipose tissues, with particular emphasis on the browning process of white adipose tissue. Rather than considering adipose tissue as a passive energy reservoir, this review underscores its active role as a dynamic endocrine and metabolic organ. Brown and beige adipose tissues, recognized for their thermogenic capacity and contribution to energy expenditure, have emerged as promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and related metabolic disorders. The review draws upon recent findings on adrenergic signaling, transcription factors, exosomal microRNAs, and other novel regulatory pathways for the creation of a cohesive framework. Particular attention is paid to how environmental, physiological, and molecular cues, such as exposure to cold, exercise, gut microbiota, and exosomal communications, converge on common pathways to influence thermogenesis and browning. By highlighting these interrelated mechanisms, the review not only summarizes recent advances in the field, but also clarifies their interconnected implications for metabolic regulation and potential therapeutic interventions.  \nKey words: Brown adipose tissue, beige adipose tissue, transcriptional factors, exosome, miRNA  \n1. Introduction  \nThe global obesity epidemic has intensified the search for new therapeutic strategies to combat weight gain, type 2 diabetes and metabolic dysfunction [1,2] . Chronic inflammation in organs such as the liver, brain, pancreas, and adipose tissue can disrupt tissue balance and cause metabolic diseases [3] . Adipose tissue is now recognized as an active endocrine organ rather than a mere inert calorie depot. It modulates appetite, insulin sensitivity, inflammatory processes, and thermal regulation through the secretion of adipokines, thereby coordinating metabolic cross-talk with other organs [4–6] .  \nWhite adipose tissue (WAT), while essential for energy storage, contributes to inflammation and insulin resistance when present in excess, particularly in the visceral depot. In contrast, bei","cbCaill73lQp9TSP","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaill73lQp9TSP","pdf",734832,13,"English","# Abstract\n# Key words\n# 1. Introduction\n## Adipose tissue as an endocrine and metabolic organ\n## Roles of WAT, BeAT, and BAT\n## Heterogeneity and depot location-specific functions\n## Cellular basis of BAT thermogenesis","[{\"question\":\"What biological role does adipose tissue play according to the review?\",\"answer\":\"Adipose tissue is described as an active endocrine and metabolic organ that coordinates metabolic cross-talk by secreting adipokines and influencing appetite, insulin sensitivity, inflammation, and thermal regulation.\"},{\"question\":\"How do white, beige, and brown adipose tissues differ in function?\",\"answer\":\"White adipose tissue mainly supports energy storage and can contribute to inflammation and insulin resistance when excessive. Beige adipose tissue can acquire brownlike thermogenic properties under specific stimuli. Brown adipose tissue is characterized by high mitochondrial density and strong thermogenic capacity.\"},{\"question\":\"Which regulatory factors and stimuli are emphasized as drivers of browning and thermogenesis?\",\"answer\":\"The review emphasizes adrenergic signaling, transcription factors, exosomal microRNAs, and converging cues from cold exposure, exercise, gut microbiota, and exosomal communications that influence thermogenesis and browning.\"}]","In recent research - Exosomal and molecular regulators of browning and thermogenesis in adipose tissues - Review Article | PDF",1790742633,33]