[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-129499-en":3,"doc-seo-129499-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":11,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},129499,1099523885336,"Violet","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c",2,"Literature","In Defence of Liberal Education - Philosophy and Controversies","In Defence of Liberal Education examines why liberal education matters within a tradition-bound human society. It develops an account of culture as a continuing “covenant” linking the living, the dead, and those not yet born, explaining how cultural knowledge is transmitted through both informal and formal education. The discussion contrasts biological inheritance with exosomatic, written learning that allows experience to endure beyond individual lifetimes, and argues for the need to learn how to interpret and apply that inherited knowledge.","[OceanofPDF.com](OceanofPDF.com)  \nIn Defence of Liberal Education Philosophy and Controversies  \nAnthony O’Hear  \n[OceanofPDF.com](OceanofPDF.com)  \nUNIVERSITY OF BUCKINGHAM PRESS, AN IMPRINT OF LEGEND TIMES GROUP LTD  \n51 Gower Street  \nLondon WC1E 6HJ United Kingdom  \n[www.unibuckinghampress.com](www.unibuckinghampress.com)  \nThis collection first published by University of Buckingham Press in 2023 © Anthony O’Hear, 2023  \nThe right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data available.  \nISBN: 978-1-91564-343-8  \nAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the publisher. This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not be resold, lent, hired out or otherwise circulated without the express prior consent of the publisher.  \n[OceanofPDF.com](OceanofPDF.com)  \nFor Zac, Freddie and Jonah; Wilfand Phoebe; and Margot: Hope  \nLa foi que j’aime le mieux, dit Dieu, c’est l’espérance.  \nCe qui m’étonne, dit Dieu, c’est l’espérance.  \nEt je n’en reviens pas.  \nCette petite espérance qui n’a l’air de rien du tout.  \nCette petite fille espérance.  \nImmortelle.  \n(Charles Péguy, from ‘Le Porche du Mystère de la Deuxième Vertu’.)  \n[OceanofPDF.com](OceanofPDF.com)  \nCONTENTS  \n[OceanofPDF.com](OceanofPDF.com)  \nIn Defence of Liberal Education  \n[OceanofPDF.com](OceanofPDF.com)  \nIntroduction  \nEdmund Burke famously described society as a contract between those who are living, those who are dead, and those who are yet to be born. We may quibble with the use of the term ‘contract’ here. After all, you and I cannot make a contract with people who are no longer alive, nor they with us. Neither can we deal with those who are not yet with us. So perhaps‘covenant’ would be better, suggesting something that exists, has sway over us, and of which we are a part, without any explicit agreement on the part of those tied into the covenant.  \nThe Burkean covenant is one prime way in which human beings differ from animals, for it is through being born into an already existing culture which is built on past human behaviour and experience, that we begin to live as human beings. As we grow up, we ingest its practices and meanings so as to enter the human world. Through culture we thus build on animal instinct, which does exist in us; but human culture, verbal, literary, artistic, institutional, practical and so on, allows us to draw on the experience of past generations in a way which has no parallel in the animal kingdom. Biology allows only genes to be handed down from parents to children, and, according to the current orthodoxy, one’s genes cannot be affected by what happens in one’s lifetime. They are unalterable during a creature’s lifetime. What parents transmit to their children biologically are genes with the same nature as the parent inherited at conception. So, against the ideas of Darwin’s rival Lamarck, Darwinians will admit of no genetic transmission of lived experience through the generations, which is where cultural influence through human generations goes way beyond anything biological.  \nEducation, formal and informal, plays an essential role in our own essential acculturation while young, and then in the way we, as adults, pass our own acculturation on to our children and to those who come after us. This process of cultural transmission has gone on throughout human history, ever since the first humans emerged from their apian or simian origins, and acquired what we would now see as their humanity. For most  \nof that history everyone was, in a sense, home schooled, or at least schooled in their village or settlement, just by living there and being inducted into the cust","cbCaiu2fjC8nnhQ1","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiu2fjC8nnhQ1","pdf",2699316,1,385,"English","en",105,"# In Defence of Liberal Education\n## Introduction\n## Edmund Burke and the covenant metaphor\n## Culture, biology, and exosomatic learning\n## Informal and formal education\n## Reading, interpretation, and application of written learning","[{\"question\":\"What does the book mean by society as a covenant?\",\"answer\":\"It refers to a relationship among the living, the dead, and future generations, where people are shaped by an existing cultural inheritance rather than by an explicit agreement.\"},{\"question\":\"How does it distinguish cultural influence from biological inheritance?\",\"answer\":\"It argues that human culture transmits lived experience across generations through practices, language, and written learning, while biological inheritance is limited to genes that do not change with an individual’s lifetime experience.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does the introduction emphasize formal education?\",\"answer\":\"Because bodies of written learning and systemised skills must be passed on in ways that young people can learn to read, interpret, and use, rather than relying on fallible personal memory.\"}]","In Defence of Liberal Education - 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