[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-84023-en":3,"doc-seo-84023-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},84023,13056703019404,"Miles","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0",8,"Research & Report","Implementation of an Electric Drive Digital Twin in a Networked Test Lab Environment","Digital Twin (DT) integrates a physical asset, a digital counterpart, and bidirectional data exchange, enabling not only real-time monitoring but also automated control. This work presents a practical electric drive DT implementation using a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) in a networked test lab. An observer controller is inserted into the PMSM control loop to virtually sense an unmeasurable disturbance variable, the load torque. Test-bench results show effective torque disturbance compensation, while deviations between observed and measured torques indicate further refinement opportunities.","Implementation of an Electric Drive Digital Twin in a Networked Test  \nLab Environment  \nFrank Liebich 1∗, Sebastian Pahnke 1∗, Mario Stamann2 , Roberto Leidhold2 , and Andreas Scholz 1  \n1 Institute for Engineering of Products and Systems of the Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Germany  \n2 Institute of Electric Power Systems of the Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Germany  \narXiv :2607 .05877v1 [ ee ss . SY] 7 Jul 2026  \nAbstract—The concept of Digital Twin (DT) consists of a physical asset, a digital asset, and their bidirectional data exchange, differing the DT from concepts with lower level of integration. Availability of the bidirectional interconnection not only enables monitoring of system states but also allows automated control of the system. Leveraging the DT concept, this paper presents a practical implementation of an electric drive DT by means of a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) in a test lab environment. The approach aims to virtually sense the disturbance variable, here the acting load torque. By integrating an observer controller into the PMSM control loop, the DT enables compensation of the disturbance variable, which is not measurable in many applications. The results of the DT implementation recorded on the test bench demonstrate an effective disturbance compensation of the acting load torque by the observer controller. However, the results still show a deviation between the observed and measured load torques, indicating room for further refinement. This work serves as a first step towards further practical applications of the DT in the electric drive testing environment.  \nIndex Terms—Digital Twin, Virtual Sensing, Virtual Testing, Digital Twin Framework, PMSM, Field Oriented Control, Observer  \nI. INTRODUCTION  \nThe digital transformation of the automotive industry fundamentally redefines the way vehicles are developed, tested, and brought to the market. Several terms, such as Industry 4.0, Cyber-Physical System, or Digital Twin (DT), are frequently used in this context. In particular, the term DT is widely used in the automotive industry and is often understood incorrect or incomplete [1] .  \nDue to the lack of a common DT definition and the diverse understanding of its characteristics [2], only few publications demonstrate the concept and its potential in practical use cases. Therefore, this paper aims to develop a specific application of a DT utilizing a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) in a test bench environment. The potential of DT for virtual sensing of non-directly measurable quantities is emphasized by applying an existing framework for creating a DT.  \nII. STATE OF THE ART  \nA. DT Definition and Framework  \nWith the increasing integration of Cyber-Physical Systems and real-time data connectivity in industrial contexts, the  \n*These authors contributed equally to this work.  \nDT has become a fundamental concept within Industry 4.0 . The concept of DT was first proposed in 2002 by Michael Grieves in the context of Product Lifecycle Management [3] . Initially presented and not yet named explicitly, the term DT was coined by John Vickers in 2010 . Since then, the concept of DT has gained significant attention in both academic research and industrial applications [4] . However, despite popularity, until now there has been a lack of a universally agreed definition. In fact, there are many different definitions in various industries, mainly varying in terms of characterization and application fields [5] .  \nAccording to the common literature [6]–[10], a DT contains a virtual representation of a physical asset, system, or process, which reflects and predicts the current or future state, condition, or behavior of the physical asset [7] . It is continuously synchronized with its real-world counterpart through real-time data exchange, enabling comprehensive monitoring, analysis, prediction, decision making, and control of the physical entity [9] . A defining character","cbCaiko5d1kONnn0","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiko5d1kONnn0","pdf",11617407,4,1,6,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n# State of the Art\n## DT Definition and Framework\n## Field Oriented Control of PMSM","[{\"question\":\"What core components define a Digital Twin in this paper?\",\"answer\":\"A Digital Twin consists of a physical asset, a digital asset, and bidirectional data exchange between them.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the proposed electric drive DT handle disturbances like load torque?\",\"answer\":\"An observer controller is integrated into the PMSM control loop to virtually sense the disturbance variable, enabling compensation even when it is not measurable.\"},{\"question\":\"How effective is the disturbance compensation in the test-bench results?\",\"answer\":\"Recorded results demonstrate effective compensation of the acting load torque, though observed and measured torques still deviate, leaving room for further refinement.\"}]",1784192085,15,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"implementation-of-an-electric-drive-digital-twin-in-a-networked-test-lab-environment","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,53,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/implementation-of-an-electric-drive-digital-twin-in-a-networked-test-lab-environment/84023/",{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-27","2026-07-16",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What core components define a Digital Twin in this paper?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"A Digital Twin consists of a physical asset, a digital asset, and bidirectional data exchange between them.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How does the proposed electric drive DT handle disturbances like load torque?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"An observer controller is integrated into the PMSM control loop to virtually sense the disturbance variable, enabling compensation even when it is not measurable.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"How effective is the disturbance compensation in the test-bench results?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"Recorded results demonstrate effective compensation of the acting load torque, though observed and measured torques still deviate, leaving room for further refinement.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,114,119,122,127,130,134],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":111,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":120,"slug":121},30,"research-report",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":126},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":129},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":131,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":132,"show_sort_weight":131,"slug":133},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":135,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":137},19,"General","general"]