[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-611255-105":59,"doc-detail-611255-en":133},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":126,"head_meta":128,"extra_data":130,"updated_unix":132},105,"en","imperialism-in-china-early-contacts-to-end-of-qing-and-beyond","Imperialism in China - Early Contacts to End of Qing and Beyond","","Imperialism in China traces European and other foreign powers’ expanding influence from the 16th century onward, including early trade, tightening restrictions, and the Opium Wars. It explains how wars and unequal treaties opened ports, legalized opium, and enabled privileges such as navigation rights and extraterritorial legal protections. The overview further covers spheres of influence, renewed foreign incursions, the Open Door Policy, the Boxer Rebellion, the Qing dynasty’s collapse, and the Republican transition, concluding with later outcomes such as Hong Kong’s return.",{"@graph":69,"@context":125},[70,84,104],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/imperialism-in-china-early-contacts-to-end-of-qing-and-beyond/611255/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":98,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":99,"interactionStatistic":100},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/imperialism-in-china-early-contacts-to-end-of-qing-and-beyond/611255.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Melati","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/octet-stream","2026-10-19",true,{"@type":101,"interactionType":102,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":103},"ViewAction",{"@type":105,"mainEntity":106},"FAQPage",[107,113,117,121],{"name":108,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":110},"How did Europeans initially expand their presence in China?","Question",{"text":111,"@type":112},"Portuguese trade spread first, followed by the Dutch and English. Later, Qing restrictions targeted Europeans, especially missionaries and traders.","Answer",{"name":114,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":115},"What were the main outcomes of the First and Second Opium Wars?",{"text":116,"@type":112},"After the First Opium War, the Treaty of Nanking granted additional British ports, Hong Kong control, indemnity payments, and a 5% tariff limit. The Second Opium War opened more ports, legalized opium traffic, protected Christian missionaries, and granted foreign vessels navigation rights on the Yangtze River.",{"name":118,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":119},"What did the Open Door Policy aim to achieve?",{"text":120,"@type":112},"The policy, proposed by John Hay in 1899, aimed to prevent China from being carved up while keeping China’s independence and territory intact. It promoted equal trading rights for all nations, though it was not always strictly followed.",{"name":122,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":123},"What role did the Boxer Rebellion play in China’s foreign relations?",{"text":124,"@type":112},"The Boxers, driven by resentment of foreign influence and power, demanded that foreigners leave China and attacked foreign targets. European imperialists, Americans, and Japanese suppressed the rebellion, and China paid large damages while permitting military forces in key cities.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":127,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":129,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":131,"site_id":62},611255,1792438968,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":134},{"doc_id":131,"user_id":135,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":136,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":137,"file_id":138,"file_url":139,"file_type":140,"file_size":141,"view_count":81,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":142,"language":143,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":144,"faqs":145,"seo_title":146,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":147,"read_time":148},962085570644,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","Imperialism in China\n© Student Handouts, Inc.\nwww.studenthandouts.com\nEarly Contacts with Europeans\n16th century – Portuguese traded  for silk and tea\nPortuguese followed by the Dutch and English\nChinese History\n1644 – conquered by Manchus\nQing dynasty\nChinese forced to wear pigtails (sign of subservient status)\n18th century\nManchus began restricting Europeans – missionaries and traders\nFirst Opium War(1839-1842)\nBritish brought opium from India to Canton\nMany Chinese became addicts\nChinese emperor forbade opium imports\nWar between British and Chinese\nTreaty of Nanking (1842)\nFour additional British ports in China\nAmoy, Ningpo, Foochow, Shanghai\nBritish control over Hong Kong\nChina had to pay an indemnity\nChina limited to 5% tariff\nOther  Westerners in China\nBelgium, France, Holland (Netherlands), Portugal, Prussia (Germany), United States\nSpheres of influence\nExclusive trading areas\nExtraterritoriality\nTried in their own courts and under their own laws\nSecond Opium War(1856-1860)\nAlso known as the Arrow War\nResults\nMore Chinese ports opened up to European trade\nOpium traffic legalized\nProtection of Christian missionaries\nAll foreign vessels could navigate the Yangtze River\nU.S. and Russia also participated in peace process\nRussia’s border extended to Amur River\nMaritime Provinces – Pacific area without permafrost\nFounded Vladivostok in 1860\nMore Foreign Control of China\nAnnam, etc.\nMerged into French Indo-China (1883)\nBurma (Myanmar)\nAnnexed by British (1886)\nFormosa\nAttacked and taken by Japanese (1895)\nKorea\nAnnexed by Japanese (1910)\nLiaotung Peninsula (Manchuria)\nConcessions to Japanese (1910)\nManchuria\nImperial powers (particularly Japan and Russia) vied for control of the Manchurian Railway\nFrance, Germany, and Russia coerced Japan to return the Liaotung Peninsula to China\nNew Scramble for China\nFrance\nKwangchow – 99-year lease\nGermany\nShantung Peninsula – sphere of influence\nGreat Britain\nWei-hai-wei – naval base\nYangtze valley – sphere of influence\nRussia\nLiaotung Peninsula – lease\nManchuria – economic concessions\nOpen Door Policy\nProposed by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay (1899)\nFear that China would be carved up between imperialist powers\nLeft China’s independence and territory intact\nAll nations could trade equally in China\nEndorsed internationally\nBut not always strictly followed\nBoxer Rebellion (1900)\nChinese people resented foreign influence and power\nOrder of the Patriotic Harmonious Fists\nCalled “Boxers” by Westerners\nDemanded that foreigners leave China\nKilled circa 300 and vandalized foreign property\nEuropean imperialists, Americans, and Japanese put down the rebellion\nChina paid $333,000,000 in damages and had to permit military forces in Peking (Beijing) and Tientsin\nFall of the Qing (Manchu) Dynasty\nEmpress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908)\nDe facto Chinese monarch (1861-1908)\n“Make me unhappy for a day and I will make you unhappy for a lifetime.”\nConservative and anti-foreign\nBlamed by many Chinese for foreign imperialist power in China\nFall of the Qing (Manchu) Dynasty\nEmperor Puyi – the “Last Emperor”\nLived 1906-1967\nRuled China 1908-1912, and as a puppet for 12 days in 1917\nPuppet emperor of Manchukuo (Japanese-ruled Manchuria), 1932-1945\nSpent ten years in a Soviet prison after WWII\nLived a quiet life as a regular citizen in communist China\nDied of disease during the Cultural Revolution (1967)\nRepublican Revolution\nSun Yat-sen (Sun Yixian)\nFounded Kuomintang (Nationalist party)\nOverthrew Manchu (Qing) dynasty\nEstablished a republic\nPresident of Chinese Republic who succeeded him – Yuan Shih-k’ai\nKuomintang symbol\nRepublic of China: Weaknesses\nDisunity\nLocal warlords fought Kuomintang for control\nWars raged between 1912 and 1928\nForeign imperialists\nAmericans, Europeans, and Japanese\nPoor transportation\n1914 – only 6,000 miles of railroad track\n225,000 miles in the smaller United States\nFew decent roads\nForeign Imperialists\nTwenty-One Demands (1915)\nJapan attempted to make China a Japanese protectorate\nActio","cbCaihXLxV4q3OMe","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihXLxV4q3OMe","ppt",2622976,22,"English","# Early Contacts with Europeans\n## Portuguese, Dutch, and English Trade\n# Qing Dynasty and Restrictions\n## Opium Wars and Treaty of Nanking\n# Foreign Control and Unequal Arrangements\n## Spheres of Influence and Extraterritoriality\n# Second Opium War and Aftermath\n## Arrow War Results\n# Further Foreign Expansion\n## British, French Indo-China, Japan, and Korea\n# New Scramble for China\n## 99-year Lease, Naval Bases, and Leases\n# Open Door Policy and International Response\n# Boxer Rebellion (1900)\n## Causes, Demands, and Suppression\n# Fall of the Qing (Manchu) Dynasty\n## Cixi and Emperor Puyi\n# Republican Revolution and Turmoil\n## Sun Yat-sen, Kuomintang Split, and Civil War\n# End of Imperialism and Hong Kong Return","[{\"question\":\"How did Europeans initially expand their presence in China?\",\"answer\":\"Portuguese trade spread first, followed by the Dutch and English. Later, Qing restrictions targeted Europeans, especially missionaries and traders.\"},{\"question\":\"What were the main outcomes of the First and Second Opium Wars?\",\"answer\":\"After the First Opium War, the Treaty of Nanking granted additional British ports, Hong Kong control, indemnity payments, and a 5% tariff limit. The Second Opium War opened more ports, legalized opium traffic, protected Christian missionaries, and granted foreign vessels navigation rights on the Yangtze River.\"},{\"question\":\"What did the Open Door Policy aim to achieve?\",\"answer\":\"The policy, proposed by John Hay in 1899, aimed to prevent China from being carved up while keeping China’s independence and territory intact. It promoted equal trading rights for all nations, though it was not always strictly followed.\"},{\"question\":\"What role did the Boxer Rebellion play in China’s foreign relations?\",\"answer\":\"The Boxers, driven by resentment of foreign influence and power, demanded that foreigners leave China and attacked foreign targets. European imperialists, Americans, and Japanese suppressed the rebellion, and China paid large damages while permitting military forces in key cities.\"}]","Imperialism in China - Early Contacts to End of Qing and Beyond | PPT",1792380968,55]