[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-113204-en":3,"doc-seo-113204-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":90},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},113204,549758252649,"Ivy","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/8000253669c5317157?_k=1778319167496531819",8,"Research & Report","Impacts of Temporary Migration on Development in Origin Countries - Paper Summary","Paper examines how temporary migration affects economic development in origin countries, focusing on low- and middle-income settings where impacts are complex, dynamic, context-specific, and multi-channeled. It maps five key transmission pathways: labor supply, human capital, financial capital and entrepreneurship, aggregate welfare and poverty, and institutions and social norms. The analysis identifies core drivers such as initial home conditions, emigration and return selectivity, whether temporariness is planned, and migrants’ overseas employment and human-capital opportunities. It argues that meaningful policy evaluation requires high-quality data on employment trajectories and migration-return decision timing, highlighting major research challenges.","Pub lic Disclosure Authorized Pub lic Disclosure Authorized  \n\n| Impacts of Temporary Migration on Development in Origin Countries |\n| --- |\n| Laurent Bossavie and Ça˘glar Özden |\n\nTemporary migration is widespread globally. While the literature has traditionally focused on the impacts of permanent migration on destination countries, evidence on the effects of temporary migration on origin countries has grown over the past decade. This paper highlights that the economic development impacts, especially on low-and middle-income origin countries, are complex, dynamic, context-specific, and multichanneled. The paper identifies five main pathways: (a) labor supply; (b) human capital; (c) financial capital and entrepreneurship; (d) aggregate welfare and poverty; and (e) institutions and social norms. Several factors shape these pathways and their eventual impacts. These include initial economic conditions at home, the scale and double selectivity of emigration and return migra tion, whether migration was planned to be temporary ex ante, and employment and human capital accumulation opportunities experienced by migrants while they are overseas. Meaningful policy interventions to increase the development impacts of temporary migration re quire proper analysis, which, in turn, depends on high-quality data on workers’ employment trajectories, as well as their decision processes on the timing of their migration and return. These are currently the biggest research challenges to overcome to study the development impacts of temporary migration.  \nJEL Codes: J61, F22, O15  \nKeywords: temporary migration, economic development, origin countries.  \nIntroduction  \nTemporary migration is widespread across the globe, especially for low-skilled migrants from low-and middle-income countries. The empirical and policy literature has traditionally focused on permanent migration and its impact on high-income destination countries, mainly driven by the availability of relevant and suitable data. In the last decade, however, research on temporary migration and its development  \nThe World Bank Research Observer  \n© 2023 . International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. Published by Oxford University Press [https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkad003](https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkad003) 38:249–294  \nDownloaded from [https://academic.oup.com/wbro/article/38/2/249/7125581 by Joint Bank/Fund Library user on 07 September 2023](https://academic.oup.com/wbro/article/38/2/249/7125581 by Joint Bank/Fund Library user on 07 September 2023)  \nimpact on origin countries has grown considerably as the issue received more attention from policy makers and new data sources became available (Wahba 2014) .1  \nTemporary migration, in the academic literature, generally refers to episodes during which individuals live at a destination country, and then return to their origin country or move to a third country during their lifetime. In other words, migrants or migration episodes are labeled as temporary after we observe departure from the destination country since it is quite difficult to identify whether temporariness of migration was always intended or when the return decision was made during the migration episode. However, initial intent on the duration of stay matters for economic outcomes as well as legal status.2 In some cases, migration will be planned for a duration, generally for educational and employment purposes, and return is always part of the plan. In many of these, return is also legally required by the laws of the destination country. In other cases, migrants will decide to return even if they have the option or the initial intention to stay permanently. Unexpected changes in circumstances in their personal lives or in conditions in origin or destination countries generally prompt such departures from their initial intent. A migration episode which was intended to be permanent ex ante thus can easily turn out to be temporary, ex post. The rever","cbCaiiRb9qXlZbVq","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiiRb9qXlZbVq","pdf",1007394,1,46,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Definitions and scope of temporary migration\n## Research focus: from remittances to development channels\n# Conceptual framework and key mechanisms\n## Five pathways linking temporary migration to development\n## Individual decisions and uncertainty\n# Policy and data challenges\n## Requirements for high-quality data and methodology\n## Biggest research challenges","[{\"question\":\"What does the paper mean by “temporary migration”?\",\"answer\":\"Temporary migration refers to episodes where individuals live in a destination and then return to their origin country or move to a third country during their lifetime. Temporariness is identified after departure, since ex-ante intent and the timing of return decisions can be difficult to observe.\"},{\"question\":\"Through which pathways does temporary migration affect development in origin countries?\",\"answer\":\"The paper identifies five main pathways: labor supply, human capital, financial capital and entrepreneurship, aggregate welfare and poverty, and institutions and social norms.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is it difficult to study the development impacts of temporary migration?\",\"answer\":\"Meaningful policy analysis requires proper identification of effects and therefore high-quality data on workers’ employment trajectories and on decision processes governing when migrants leave and when they return. These data and methodology challenges are highlighted as the biggest research challenges.\"}]",1784501347,116,{"code":4,"msg":30,"data":31},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":32,"title":13,"keywords":33,"description":14,"schema_data":34,"social_meta":85,"head_meta":87,"extra_data":89,"updated_unix":27},"impacts-of-temporary-migration-on-development-in-origin-countries-paper-summary","",{"@graph":35,"@context":84},[36,53,67],{"@type":37,"itemListElement":38},"BreadcrumbList",[39,43,47,50],{"item":40,"name":41,"@type":42,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":44,"name":45,"@type":42,"position":46},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":42,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":42,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/impacts-of-temporary-migration-on-development-in-origin-countries-paper-summary/113204/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":61,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":62,"interactionStatistic":63},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":40,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-19",true,{"@type":64,"interactionType":65,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":66},"ViewAction",{"@type":68,"mainEntity":69},"FAQPage",[70,76,80],{"name":71,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":73},"What does the paper mean by “temporary migration”?","Question",{"text":74,"@type":75},"Temporary migration refers to episodes where individuals live in a destination and then return to their origin country or move to a third country during their lifetime. Temporariness is identified after departure, since ex-ante intent and the timing of return decisions can be difficult to observe.","Answer",{"name":77,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":78},"Through which pathways does temporary migration affect development in origin countries?",{"text":79,"@type":75},"The paper identifies five main pathways: labor supply, human capital, financial capital and entrepreneurship, aggregate welfare and poverty, and institutions and social norms.",{"name":81,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":82},"Why is it difficult to study the development impacts of temporary migration?",{"text":83,"@type":75},"Meaningful policy analysis requires proper identification of effects and therefore high-quality data on workers’ employment trajectories and on decision processes governing when migrants leave and when they return. 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