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Review of related research contrasts beliefs that academic criteria raise graduation outcomes with concerns that they disproportionately disadvantage historically Black colleges and universities.",{"@graph":14,"@context":65},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/impact-of-demographic-variables-on-african-american-student-athletes-academic-performance/602450/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/impact-of-demographic-variables-on-african-american-student-athletes-academic-performance/602450.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"pixelkiddo","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-01","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",7,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"Why do the authors discuss academic criteria for athletes versus graduation success?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"The text contrasts concerns that standards may harm historically Black institutions and qualified recruiting with the NCAA’s view that academic criteria improve graduation outcomes and allow colleges to be more selective.","Answer","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":67,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":69,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":71,"site_id":7},602450,1792925981,{"code":4,"msg":74,"data":75},"success",[76,80,84,88,93,98,102,106,111,114,118],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":77,"show_sort_weight":78,"slug":79},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":81,"show_sort_weight":82,"slug":83},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":89,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":90,"show_sort_weight":91,"slug":92},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":94,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":95,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":97},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":99,"show_sort_weight":100,"slug":101},"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":103,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},8,30,"research-report",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":109,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":113},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":115,"slug":117},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":119,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":89,"slug":121},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":74,"data":123},{"doc_id":71,"user_id":124,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":125,"doc_module":4,"category_id":103,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":126,"file_id":127,"file_url":128,"file_type":129,"file_size":130,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":119,"language":131,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":132,"faqs":133,"seo_title":134,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":135,"read_time":136},962090883892,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/e00115db34f3e0f11b?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1790152879550218658","Impact  \nof Demographic Variableson African-American Student Athletes’Academic Performance  \nBy Lacey Reynolds. Dwalah Fisher, & J. Kenyatta Cavil  \nLacey Reynolds, Dwalah Fisher, and J. Kenyatta Cavil are professorsin the Department of Health and Kinesiology of the College of Education at Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas.  \nSince the passage of Proposition 48 (NCAA, 1984, African-American student-athletes entering National CollegiateAthleticAssociation (NCAA) major colleges and universities have meet new challenges in their future as student-athletes. This major change altered the landscape of the future of college athletics particularly for students of color. Proposition 48mandates minimum scores from the ACT (17), SAT (700), and a 2 .0 highschool grade point average (GPA). The scores are used as predictors to increase graduation rates for NCAA student-athletes. Needless to say, the new ruling was met with controversy from the African-American community with assertions that the policy was biased to a select certain group of athletes. Before the enactment of Proposition 48, many historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) were operating with an open  \nadmissions enrollment policy. Since 1994, they have utilized an admission criterion for incoming students similar to other NCAA schools.  \nResearch conducted by the Knight Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics (2001) acknowledged,  \nAthletes are often admitted to institutions where they do not have a reasonable chance to graduate. They are athlete-students, brought into the collegiate mix more as performers than aspiring undergraduates. Their ambiguous academic credentials lead to chronic classroom failures or chronic cover-upsoftheir academic deficiencies. As soon as they arrive on campus, they are immersed in the demands of their sports. (p. 16)  \nTwo former HBCU presidents argued that historically Black schools would be disproportionately harmed in recruiting qualified student-athletes with the implementation of these standards (Covell & Barr, 2001) . Early studies of highschool sports provide a focus on the need for high school athletes to meet academic standards in order to participate in college sports. Thus, increased academic outcomes were an indirect effect of high school sports (Lapchick, 1995) . In contrast, the NCAA believes that by putting a criterion on student-athletes, it will improve the graduation success rate and it will allow colleges and universities to be more selective of the students they admit through their doors on athletic scholarships.  \nThere are other factors that affect the academic achievement of student-athletes at the college level. For example, the demographic variables of gender, family structure, and socioeconomic status have a significant impact on the academic performance of African-American student athletes. These variables have accounted for some successes and failures of student-athletes. NCAA (2005) reports indicate that female student-athletes have a higher graduation rate than their male counterparts. Socioeconomic Status (SES) has been perceived by both genders as a major concern in pursuing funding for entering college without scholarships. Research has shown that family structure influences the educational success of children.  \nAssumptions  \nWhile this study is quantitative, the researchers want to offer some assumptions related to student athletes based on experiences of working with and teaching students enrolled at a HBCU in a metropolitan city in Texas. Every student can learn, including athletes. Athletes have proven this assertion with their efforts, work habits, dedication and practice schedules.  \nResearch by Cox (2007) indicates that athletes are high achievers. As former student-athletes and current teachers and coaches, the researchers have had experiences in making quick decisions during intense games within minutes of the closing of the game. Decisions must be made quickly in game situations. Athle","cbCaiiqcIPbmEC5K","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiiqcIPbmEC5K","pdf",117381,"English","# Background and Context\n## Proposition 48 and Admissions Policies\n## Controversies and Prior Admission Practices\n# Related Research\n## Predictor and Success Variables\n## Demographic Factors Affecting Achievement\n# Assumptions and Athlete Characteristics\n## Learning and Decision-Making Skills","[{\"question\":\"Why do the authors discuss academic criteria for athletes versus graduation success?\",\"answer\":\"The text contrasts concerns that standards may harm historically Black institutions and qualified recruiting with the NCAA’s view that academic criteria improve graduation outcomes and allow colleges to be more selective.\"}]","Impact of Demographic Variables on African-American Student Athletes’ Academic Performance | PDF",1792094711,48]