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Data were gathered through interviews, focus groups, direct observation, and satellite image analysis, combining Landsat TM 5 (2002) and Landsat 8 OLI (2023) for LULC mapping. Meteorological records from local weather stations and stakeholder social data were analyzed using SPSS and Microsoft Excel, while satellite processing applied supervised classification and change-detection in ERDAS and ArcMap.",{"@graph":69,"@context":121},[70,84,104],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/impact-of-climate-variation-on-land-use-land-cover-change-in-kassala-state-sudan/438300/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":98,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":99,"interactionStatistic":100},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/impact-of-climate-variation-on-land-use-land-cover-change-in-kassala-state-sudan/438300.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"LangkahRina","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":101,"interactionType":102,"userInteractionCount":14},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":103},"ViewAction",{"@type":105,"mainEntity":106},"FAQPage",[107,113,117],{"name":108,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":110},"What is the study’s main objective in Kassala State, Sudan?","Question",{"text":111,"@type":112},"To examine how climatic variability influences land use and land cover change in Kassala State and to identify potential interventions to reduce the impacts of wind and sandstorms.","Answer",{"name":114,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":115},"How were land use land cover changes mapped in the research?",{"text":116,"@type":112},"LULC mapping used Landsat TM 5 (2002) and Landsat 8 OLI (2023) images, processed with supervised classification and change-detection techniques in ERDAS and ArcMap.",{"name":118,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":119},"What land cover changes were reported in the findings?",{"text":120,"@type":112},"Forest cover declined from 17.11% to 13.20%, while bare land and shrubland expanded, alongside observed fluctuations in rainfall, increased temperature, and higher wind speeds.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":123,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":125,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":127,"site_id":62},438300,1790717500,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":130},{"doc_id":127,"user_id":131,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":132,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":133,"file_id":134,"file_url":135,"file_type":136,"file_size":137,"view_count":14,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":138,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},962090893776,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Wiley  \nThe Scientific World Journal  \nVolume 2025, Article ID 9005930, 11 pages [https://doi.org/10.1155/tswj/9005930](https://doi.org/10.1155/tswj/9005930)  \nResearch Article  \nImpact of Climate Variation on Land Use Land Cover Change in Kassala State, Sudan  \nAwad Elkarim Suliman Osman Khalifa, 1 Hassan Elnour Adam,2,3  \nand Faisal Ismail Musa 4,5  \n1Institute of Gum Arabic Research and Desertification studies, University of Kordofan, El Obeid, Sudan  \n2Department of Forestry, University of Kordofan, El Obeid, Sudan  \n3CEN-Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany  \n4Department of Forestry, University of Blue Nile, Ad-Damzin, Sudan  \n5Department of Forestry, Mizoram University, Aizawl, India  \nCorrespondence should be addressed to Faisal Ismail Musa; [faisalwww34@gmail.com](faisalwww34@gmail.com)  \nReceived 16 July 2025; Revised 17 October 2025; Accepted 22 November 2025  \nAcademic Editor: Ahmed Al-Salaymeh  \nCopyright © 2025 Awad Elkarim Suliman Osman Khalifa et al. The Scientific World Journal published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.  \nChange in global weather pattern has become a major concern because of their direct impact on land use and land cover (LULC) . This study, conducted in Kassala State, Sudan, examines how climatic variability influences these changes. Additionally, the study is intended to find out the possible intervention to reduce the impact of wind and sandstorms in the area. Primary data were collected through interview, focus group discussion, direct observation, and analysis of satellite images. Landsat TM 5 (2002) and Landsat 8 OLI (2023) images were used for LULC mapping. Meteorological data were obtained from local weather stations, while social data were gathered through stakeholder interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS and Microsoft Excel while satellite images were processed using supervised classification and change detection techniques in ERDAS and ArcMap. The result showed fluctuations in rainfall (R2 =0  04), an increase temperature (R2 =0  01), and higher wind speeds (R2 =0  02) . Forest cover declined from 17 . 11% to 13 .20%, while bare land and shrubland expanded. The study recommends agroforestry systems interventions including windbreak and shelterbelts using Acacia tortilis and Acacia raddiana to mitigate the effects of sandstorms and land degradation.  \nKeywords: climate variation; Kassala state; land use land cover; windstorms  \n1. Introduction  \nSudan is highly vulnerable to the impact of climate change because of its arid to semi-arid conditions and dependence on rain-fed agriculture [1–3] . Rainfall fluctuation and temperature rising lead to change in agriculture pattern and land use land cover [3, 4] . However, the situation is worse by prevailing conditions of poverty and other environmental factors that create several pressing challenges for Sudan [5–7] . Agriculture is inherently sensitive and directly affected by climate variability and is one of the most vulnerable sectors to the risks and impacts of global climate change [8–10] . Climate variation is considered as the greatest threat to agriculture production and food security in agriculture-based  \ncountries [2], because of their low adaptive capacity to effectively cope with a possible reduction in yields among others [11] . Conversely, several studies predict rising temperature and declining rainfall [3, 12] . Thus, the variations and erratic nature of rainfall composed with its concentration during the short growing season increases the exposure of the rain-fed agricultural system [13] . Additionally, adverse climate variations such as variation in temporal and spatial rainfall determine the density and composition of the vegetation cover [14, 15] . Although an increas","cbCaihlDrqoAwLWm","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihlDrqoAwLWm","pdf",4205237,11,"English","# Introduction\n# Study area\n## Figure 1: Study area\n# Background and problem statement","[{\"question\":\"What is the study’s main objective in Kassala State, Sudan?\",\"answer\":\"To examine how climatic variability influences land use and land cover change in Kassala State and to identify potential interventions to reduce the impacts of wind and sandstorms.\"},{\"question\":\"How were land use land cover changes mapped in the research?\",\"answer\":\"LULC mapping used Landsat TM 5 (2002) and Landsat 8 OLI (2023) images, processed with supervised classification and change-detection techniques in ERDAS and ArcMap.\"},{\"question\":\"What land cover changes were reported in the findings?\",\"answer\":\"Forest cover declined from 17.11% to 13.20%, while bare land and shrubland expanded, alongside observed fluctuations in rainfall, increased temperature, and higher wind speeds.\"}]","Impact of Climate Variation on Land Use Land Cover Change in Kassala State, Sudan | PDF",1790684931,28]