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\nBanaras Hindu University, India  \nREVIEWED BY  \nAnju Gautam,  \nUniversity of Kent, United Kingdom Saya Tyagi,  \nTranslational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), India  \n*CORRESPONDENCE  \nShuying Zhu  \n [1154827343@qq.com](1154827343@qq.com)[ ](1154827343@qq.com)Xiaoping Li  \n [li-xp@zjsru.edu.cn](li-xp@zjsru.edu.cn)  \n†These authors share first authorship  \nRECEIVED 14 January 2025  \nACCEPTED 08 May 2025  \nPUBLISHED 26 May 2025  \nCITATION  \nZhang X, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Yuan J, Zhu S and Li X (2025) Immunotherapy of small cell lung cancer based on prognostic nutritional index. Front. Immunol. 16:1560241 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1560241  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2025 Zhang, Zhang, Zhang, Yuan, Zhu and Li. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nImmunotherapy of small cell lung cancer based on prognostic nutritional index  \nXinling Zhang 1†, Yaxuan Zhang 1†, Jiaqi Zhang 1†, Jinghua Yuan 1, Shuying Zhu 2* and Xiaoping Li 1*  \n1 Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China, 2 Department of Microbiology Laboratory, Yiwu Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Yiwu, China  \nPlatinum-based first-line chemotherapy for small lung cancers has been a mainstream therapy for the past several decades. However, its efficacy has been suboptimal, and the research is now focused on improving the treatment and prognosis of competitive nutrition and multidrug combination techniques. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is not only affected by smoking, age, sex and other external factors, but also the tumor micro-environment and the nutritional status of patients themselves are of great significance for the prevention and treatment of SCLC, a malignant tumor. According to past research, malnutrition is related to the intolerance to immunotherapy, decline in quality of life, psychological disturbances, and low survival rates and prognosis. Numerous studies have shown that a low Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) serves as an independent prognostic factor linked to reduced overall survival across various cancer types. Additionally, PNI has been associated with disease-free survival and progression-free survival in certain cancers, such as lung cancer (LC) . Recent research has indicated that the PNI can serve as an independent predictor of both long-term outcomes and shortterm complications in SCLC patients. However, a systematic consensus on this matter has yet to be established. This paper focuses on the role and influence of PNI in the immunotherapy of SCLC, and proposes the possibility of dietary therapy for SCLC patients under the guidance of PNI. Finally, the authors pointed out that PNI will become a new strategy for comprehensive immunotherapy of SCLC.  \nKEYWORDS  \nsmall lung cancer, nutrition, immunotherapy, diet, prognostic nutritional index  \n1 Introduction  \n1.1 Small cell lung cancer  \nSmall cell lung cancer (SCLC) is the most common aggressive, poorly differentiated, high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma, accounting for about 10%-15% of lung cancer (LC)  \n(1) . Its typical clinical manifestations are fatigue, appetite loss, weight loss, dyspnea, hemoptysis and chest pain, which lead to the decline of physical function and quality of life  \nFrontiers in Immunology 01 [frontiersin.org](frontiersin.org)  \n(2) . With the increase of life and work pressure and the emergence of poor eating behaviors, the inci","cbCaiaVNaDSU0K3p","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiaVNaDSU0K3p","pdf",427895,"English","# Introduction\n## Small cell lung cancer\n## Definition and clinical significance of prognostic nutritional index","[{\"question\":\"What is the Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) used for in this review?\",\"answer\":\"PNI is described as a nutritional assessment tool and a predictor of surgical risk, and the review focuses on its role in predicting immunotherapy outcomes in SCLC.\"},{\"question\":\"How do malnutrition and low PNI relate to immunotherapy in SCLC?\",\"answer\":\"The review states that malnutrition is associated with intolerance to immunotherapy, declines in quality of life, psychological disturbances, and low survival rates, and that low PNI links to worse prognosis.\"},{\"question\":\"What future approach does the review suggest for SCLC patients?\",\"answer\":\"It proposes dietary therapy for SCLC patients under the guidance of PNI and points to PNI as a new strategy for comprehensive immunotherapy of SCLC.\"}]","Immunotherapy of small cell lung cancer based on prognostic nutritional index - mini review | PDF",1790192307,18]