[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-377887-105":59,"doc-detail-377887-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","immunotherapy-in-anal-cancer-review","Immunotherapy in Anal Cancer - review","","The incidence and mortality of squamous cell carcinoma of the anus have risen globally in recent decades, prompting shifts in metastatic treatment paradigms, including immunotherapies. Anal cancer management across stages relies on chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immune-modulating approaches, with many cases linked to high-risk HPV. HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins drive anti-tumor immune responses through tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte recruitment, supporting immunotherapy development. Active research evaluates checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cell therapy, and vaccines, and explores combining other modalities to enhance efficacy, aiming to define future treatment sequencing.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/immunotherapy-in-anal-cancer-review/377887/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/immunotherapy-in-anal-cancer-review/377887.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Genevieve","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Why has treatment for metastatic anal cancer shifted toward immunotherapy?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The review links the growing incidence and mortality of anal squamous cell carcinoma with evolving treatment paradigms. It emphasizes that immunotherapies have changed the approach to metastatic disease in recent research and practice.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How do HPV oncoproteins contribute to immune activation in anal cancer?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The review explains that HPV E6 and E7 trigger anti-tumor immune responses by promoting recruitment of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. This process is associated with immune signaling such as interferon secretion and increased PD-L1 expression within the tumor microenvironment.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What immunotherapy strategies are highlighted as active areas of investigation?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The review focuses on immune checkpoint inhibitors used alone or in combination, adoptive cell therapy, and vaccines. It also notes trials incorporating immune-modulating properties of non-immunotherapies to improve checkpoint inhibitor effectiveness.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},377887,1790332028,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146},1374391974585,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Review  \nImmunotherapy in Anal Cancer  \nNatasha Dhawan†, Muhammad Z. Afzal † and Manik Amin *  \nCitation: Dhawan, N.; Afzal, M.Z.;  \nAmin, M. Immunotherapy in Anal Cancer. Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30, 4538–4550. [https://doi.org/](https://doi.org/)[ ](https://doi.org/)[10.3390/curroncol30050343](10.3390/curroncol30050343)  \nReceived: 24 March 2023  \nRevised: 17 April 2023  \nAccepted: 19 April 2023  \nPublished: 27 April 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \nDepartment of Medical Oncology, Dartmouth Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA;  \n[natasha.dhawan@hitchcock.org](natasha.dhawan@hitchcock.org) (N.D.); [muhammad.afzal@hitchcock.org](muhammad.afzal@hitchcock.org) (M.Z.A.)  \n* [Correspondence: manik.a.amin@hitchcock.org](Correspondence: manik.a.amin@hitchcock.org)  \n† These authors contributed equally to this work.  \nAbstract: The incidence and mortality of squamous cell carcinoma of the anus has been gradually increasing globally over the last few decades. The evolution of different modalities, including immunotherapies, has changed the treatment paradigm of metastatic anal cancers. Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immune-modulating therapies form the backbone of treatment of anal cancer in various stages. Most anal cancers are linked to high-risk human papilloma virus (HPV) infections. HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7 are responsible for an anti-tumor immune response triggering the recruitment of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. This has led to the development and utilization of immunotherapy in anal cancers. Current research in anal cancer is moving forward to discover ways to incorporate immunotherapy in the treatment sequencing in various stages of anal cancers. Immune checkpoint inhibitors alone or in combination, adoptive cell therapy, and vaccines are the areas of active investigations in anal cancer in both locally advanced and metastatic settings. Immunomodulating properties of non-immunotherapies are incorporated to enhance immune checkpoint inhibitors'effectiveness in some of the clinical trials. The aim of this review is to summarize the potential role of immunotherapy in anal squamous cell cancers and future directions.  \nKeywords: immunotherapy; anal squamous cell carcinoma; HPV  \n1. Introduction  \nCancers of the anus are rare and account for 2.8% of all gastrointestinal malignancies [1] . The most common histologies include: squamous cell carcinoma of the anus (SCCA), adenocarcinoma, and neuroendocrine tumors, with SCCA accounting for almost 90% of all cases in the United States. The American Cancer Society predicts 9760 (3180 in men and 6580 in women) new cases and 1870 (860 in women and 1010 in men) deaths related to anal cancer in 2023 [1,2] . Though the prevalence of SCCA is low, the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database from 2001–2015 revealed the incidence has increased 2.7% per year and mortality increased by 1.9% annually, especially in young black men and older women between the ages of 60 and 69 [3] . The relative 5-year survival rate is 82% for localized anal cancer, 66% with regional spread, and 35% in the metastatic setting [4] . Due to the overwhelming proportion of SCCA, this review will discuss the role of immunotherapy specifically in SCCA.  \n2. Immunogenicity in Anal Cancer  \nIndividuals with an immunocompromised state are at higher risk of developing cancer such as anal cancer [5] . Risk factors include infection with HPV, HIV infection, increased number of sexual partners, anal intercourse, chronic immunosuppressive states such as in transplant recipients and those with autoimmune conditions, chronic corticosteroid use, and cigar","cbCaicZ3FzFFWM48","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicZ3FzFFWM48","pdf",837307,13,"English","# Introduction\n## Immunogenicity in Anal Cancer","[{\"question\":\"Why has treatment for metastatic anal cancer shifted toward immunotherapy?\",\"answer\":\"The review links the growing incidence and mortality of anal squamous cell carcinoma with evolving treatment paradigms. It emphasizes that immunotherapies have changed the approach to metastatic disease in recent research and practice.\"},{\"question\":\"How do HPV oncoproteins contribute to immune activation in anal cancer?\",\"answer\":\"The review explains that HPV E6 and E7 trigger anti-tumor immune responses by promoting recruitment of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. This process is associated with immune signaling such as interferon secretion and increased PD-L1 expression within the tumor microenvironment.\"},{\"question\":\"What immunotherapy strategies are highlighted as active areas of investigation?\",\"answer\":\"The review focuses on immune checkpoint inhibitors used alone or in combination, adoptive cell therapy, and vaccines. It also notes trials incorporating immune-modulating properties of non-immunotherapies to improve checkpoint inhibitor effectiveness.\"}]","Immunotherapy in Anal Cancer - review | PDF",1790227524,33]