[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-386111-105":59,"doc-detail-386111-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","immunotherapy-and-pancreatic-cancer-a-lost-challenge","Immunotherapy and Pancreatic Cancer: A Lost Challenge?","","Although immunotherapy has proved highly effective for many tumors, pancreatic cancer shows very limited clinical benefit. Only a small fraction of patients with high microsatellite instability or mismatch repair deficiency benefit, yet the low prevalence has not driven changes in routine practice. The review explains poor efficacy through the distinctive pancreatic tumor microenvironment and notes that commonly used immune efficacy biomarkers in other cancers are often ineffective in pancreatic cancer.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/immunotherapy-and-pancreatic-cancer-a-lost-challenge/386111/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/immunotherapy-and-pancreatic-cancer-a-lost-challenge/386111.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Jordan Avery","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-25","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why is immunotherapy less effective in pancreatic cancer than in other tumors?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Results remain poor because the pancreatic tumor microenvironment has distinctive features that differ from other malignancies, contributing to immune escape and treatment resistance.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which pancreatic cancer patients may benefit from immunotherapy based on clinical data?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"A small portion benefits when high microsatellite instability or mismatch repair deficiency is present, though these alterations are relatively uncommon.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Why may immune biomarkers used in other cancers be insufficient for pancreatic cancer?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review states that biomarkers commonly evaluated to define immunotherapy efficacy in other cancers appear to be useless in pancreatic cancer, indicating a need for pancreatic-specific immune biomarkers.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},386111,1790627309,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":36},1099523882367,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","life  \nReview  \nImmunotherapy and Pancreatic Cancer: A Lost Challenge?  \nCarmelo Laface 1, *, Riccardo Memeo 2, Felicia Maria Maselli 1, Anna Natalizia Santoro 1, Maria Laura Iaia 1, Francesca Ambrogio 3, Marigia Laterza 4, Gerardo Cazzato 5, Chiara Guarini 1, Pierluigi De Santis 1, Martina Perrone 1 and Palma Fedele 1  \nCitation: Laface, C.; Memeo, R.; Maselli, F.M.; Santoro, A.N.; Iaia, M.L.; Ambrogio, F.; Laterza, M.; Cazzato, G.; Guarini, C.; De Santis, P.; et al. Immunotherapy and Pancreatic Cancer: A Lost Challenge? Life 2023, 13, 1482. [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)life13071482  \nAcademic Editor: Zhiwei Hu  \nReceived: 7 June 2023  \nRevised: 22 June 2023  \nAccepted: 29 June 2023  \nPublished: 30 June 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Medical Oncology, Dario Camberlingo Hospital, 72021 Francavilla Fontana, Italy  \n2 Unit of Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery,“F. Miulli” General Regional Hospital,  \n70021 Acquaviva Delle Fonti, Italy  \n3 Section of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari,  \n70124 Bari, Italy  \n4 Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy  \n5 Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Pathology Section, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy  \n* Correspondence: [carmelo.laface@asl.brindisi.it](carmelo.laface@asl.brindisi.it)  \nAbstract: Although immunotherapy has proved to be a very efficient therapeutic strategy for many types of tumors, the results for pancreatic cancer (PC) have been very poor. Indeed, chemotherapy remains the standard treatment for this tumor in the advanced stage. Clinical data showed that only a small portion of PC patients with high microsatellite instability/mismatch repair deficiency benefit from immunotherapy. However, the low prevalence of these alterations was not sufficient to lead to a practice change in the treatment strategy of this tumor. The main reasons for the poor efficacy of immunotherapy probably lie in the peculiar features of the pancreatic tumor microenvironment in comparison with other malignancies. In addition, the biomarkers usually evaluated to define immunotherapy efficacy in other cancers appear to be useless in PC. This review aims to describe the main features of the pancreatic tumor microenvironment from an immunological point of view and to summarize the current data on immunotherapy efficacy and immune biomarkers in PC.  \nKeywords: immunotherapy; pancreatic cancer; tumor microenvironment; TMB; immune biomarkers; PD-L1; PD-1; microsatellite instability; mismatch repair deficiency  \n1. Introduction  \nAlthough pancreatic cancer (PC) has a lower incidence with respect to other tumors, it corresponds to one of the leading causes of cancer death in the world [1] . In fact, it is the third highest cause of cancer-related death with a constantly increasing number of cases. The poor prognosis is mainly due to the late diagnosis, at an advanced stage, with only 3% of patients that survive after 5 years from diagnosis [2,3], hence the need to test new drugs for improving therapeutic strategies. Nowadays, despite biological therapies that have revolutionized the prognosis of several types of tumors, chemotherapy still represents the gold standard treatment for patients affected by PC [4,5] . In fact, targeted therapies and immunotherapy have been unable to provide a significant survival improvement to PC patients [6] . This ineffectiveness could be explained by the specific features of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in PC. The knowledge about the roles of all involved elements in the TME","cbCaisEAcRu6OXTL","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaisEAcRu6OXTL","pdf",727958,16,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n# The Pancreatic Tumor Microenvironment\n## Tumor-Associated Macrophages","[{\"question\":\"Why is immunotherapy less effective in pancreatic cancer than in other tumors?\",\"answer\":\"Results remain poor because the pancreatic tumor microenvironment has distinctive features that differ from other malignancies, contributing to immune escape and treatment resistance.\"},{\"question\":\"Which pancreatic cancer patients may benefit from immunotherapy based on clinical data?\",\"answer\":\"A small portion benefits when high microsatellite instability or mismatch repair deficiency is present, though these alterations are relatively uncommon.\"},{\"question\":\"Why may immune biomarkers used in other cancers be insufficient for pancreatic cancer?\",\"answer\":\"The review states that biomarkers commonly evaluated to define immunotherapy efficacy in other cancers appear to be useless in pancreatic cancer, indicating a need for pancreatic-specific immune biomarkers.\"}]","Immunotherapy and Pancreatic Cancer: A Lost Challenge? | PDF",1790272292]