[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-380184-105":59,"doc-detail-380184-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","immunotherapy-an-emerging-modality-to-checkmate-brain-metastasis","Immunotherapy: an emerging modality to checkmate brain metastasis","","The diagnosis of brain metastasis (BrM) has long carried a poor prognosis, often functioning as a death sentence with limited options beyond brain radiotherapy (RT) and surgical resection. Recent advances position immunotherapy (IT), used alone or alongside conventional treatments, as an emerging strategy to restrain tumor spread and reduce tumor burden. This review synthesizes current reports on IT across multiple cancers, evaluates the influence of the BrM tumor microenvironment on disease dissemination, and highlights future directions and new clinical trials expanding IT in BrM.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/immunotherapy-an-emerging-modality-to-checkmate-brain-metastasis/380184/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/immunotherapy-an-emerging-modality-to-checkmate-brain-metastasis/380184.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"\tCallum ","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-02","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why is brain metastasis considered a major challenge in cancer management?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Brain metastasis worsens quality of life and is a primary driver of metastasis-related deaths, with poor prognosis and high mortality and morbidity.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What traditional treatments are commonly used for brain metastasis?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Surgical resection and radiotherapy are the backbone of treatment, including whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT) and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS).",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does immunotherapy aim to improve outcomes in brain metastasis?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Immunotherapy can boost anticancer immunity and, when used alone or with traditional therapies, has shown promising effects on overall survival while potentially targeting tumor spread shaped by the tumor microenvironment.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},380184,1792731987,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":81,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},137451211410,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/2000bb0a9246f588df?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1786362646172706240","Ahmad et al. Molecular Cancer (2023) 22:111 [https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-023-01818-7](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-023-01818-7)  \nMolecular Cancer  \nREVIEW Open Access  \nImmunotherapy: an emerging modality to checkmate brain metastasis  \nAatiya Ahmad1†, Parvez Khan1†, Asad Ur Rehman1, Surinder Kumar Batra1,2,3 and Mohd Wasim Nasser 1,2*  \nAbstract  \nThe diagnosis of brain metastasis (BrM) has historically been a dooming diagnosis that is nothing less than a death sentence, with few treatment options for palliation or prolonging life. Among the few treatment options available, brain radiotherapy (RT) and surgical resection have been the backbone of therapy. Within the past couple of years, immunotherapy (IT), alone and in combination with traditional treatments, has emerged as a reckoning force to combat the spread of BrM and shrink tumor burden. This review compiles recent reports describing the potential role of IT in the treatment of BrM in various cancers. It also examines the impact of the tumor microenvironment of BrM on regulating the spread of cancer and the role IT can play in mitigating that spread. Lastly, this review also focuses on the future of IT and new clinical trials pushing the boundaries of IT in BrM.  \nKeywords Immunotherapy, Brain metastases, Tumor microenvironment, Anticancer immunity, Immune checkpoint inhibitors  \nIntroduction  \nMetastasis to distant or multiple organs is a major obstacle to dealing with every aspect of cancer management. Some of the metastatic cases, such as brain metastasis (BrM,) further aggravate quality of life, and it is one of the primary reasons for metastasis-related deaths. An estimated 300,000 people are diagnosed with BrM in the United States every year [1]. BrM is the most common intracranial malignancy in adults and is 10 times more common compared to primary intracranial neoplasms [2]. A diagnosis of BrM carries a poor prognosis with  \nAatiya Ahmad and Parvez Khan contributed equally.  \n*Correspondence:  \nMohd Wasim Nasser  \n[wasim.nasser@unmc.edu](wasim.nasser@unmc.edu)  \n1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha NE-68198, USA  \n2Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA  \n3Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha NE-68198, USA  \nhigh mortality and morbidity [3]. The median survival time depends on the primary malignancy and ranges from 4 to 16 months [4]. The most common primary sites of cancer that BrM originate from are kidney cancer (2–4%), colorectal cancer (CRC) (3–8%), melanoma (5–20%), breast cancer (BC) (15–30%), and lung cancer (LC) (40–50%) [5].  \nTraditionally, the mainstay of treatment in BrM has been surgical resection and radiotherapy (RT), including whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT) and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) [6]. SRS, despite the name, does not involve surgical excision of tissue, but instead is a form of RT, where 3D imaging is used to deliver a highly concentrated dose of radiation directly to the tumor. The advantage of this type of RT is that it reduces toxicity to the adjacent normal tissues around the tumor and decreases the risk of radiation toxicity to healthy tissues. Chemotherapy drugs are not typically used to treat BrM because 95% of them don’t pass through the intact bloodbrain barrier (BBB) [7]. Despite the use of these therapies, the mortality and morbidity rate of BrM remains  \n© The Author(s) 2023. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Co","cbCaieuqxIg2SlSQ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaieuqxIg2SlSQ","pdf",3695865,28,"English","# Introduction\n## Epidemiology and clinical burden of brain metastasis\n## Current standard therapies and their limitations\n## Rationale for immunotherapy\n# Immunotherapy as an emerging modality\n## Mechanisms and immune system context\n## Impact on survival and treatment outcomes","[{\"question\":\"Why is brain metastasis considered a major challenge in cancer management?\",\"answer\":\"Brain metastasis worsens quality of life and is a primary driver of metastasis-related deaths, with poor prognosis and high mortality and morbidity.\"},{\"question\":\"What traditional treatments are commonly used for brain metastasis?\",\"answer\":\"Surgical resection and radiotherapy are the backbone of treatment, including whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT) and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS).\"},{\"question\":\"How does immunotherapy aim to improve outcomes in brain metastasis?\",\"answer\":\"Immunotherapy can boost anticancer immunity and, when used alone or with traditional therapies, has shown promising effects on overall survival while potentially targeting tumor spread shaped by the tumor microenvironment.\"}]","Immunotherapy: an emerging modality to checkmate brain metastasis | PDF",1790239144,71]