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Enteral immunonutrition (EIN) is investigated as an add-on strategy to modulate immune responses after surgery, reduce inflammation, and support recovery. Evidence on its real clinical impact is inconsistent and insufficiently explored. This review narratively assesses current EIN evidence in postoperative GI cancer patients by evaluating clinical and immunological outcomes, using targeted literature search terms.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/immunonutrition-for-the-management-of-postsurgery-gi-cancer-patients/352828/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/immunonutrition-for-the-management-of-postsurgery-gi-cancer-patients/352828.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"นรินทร์","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What problem does this review address in postoperative GI cancer care?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Postoperative complications in gastrointestinal cancer patients remain difficult to manage, contributing to higher morbidity, longer hospital stays, and increased healthcare costs.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How is enteral immunonutrition (EIN) expected to help after GI cancer surgery?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"EIN is a gut-delivered, nutrient-enriched intervention designed to modulate the immune system, reduce inflammation, and promote patient recovery.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What outcomes does the review evaluate for EIN in postoperative GI cancer patients?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review assesses effects on clinical outcomes and immunological outcomes, focusing on postoperative complications such as infections and related recovery metrics.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},352828,1790467376,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},2336475104957,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/22000c4c6bd8a5076e1?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1787554080175789136","Review  \nImmunonutrition for the Management of Postsurgery GI Cancer Patients  \nAnnalisa Pezzoli 1, Marialaura Scarcella 2, Giacomo Recanatini 1, Arianna Di Bernardino 1, Carlo Rasetti 1, Domenico Morano 3,4, Jan Tack 5, Ludovico Abenavoli 3,4 and Emidio Scarpellini 1,5, *  \nAcademic Editor: EwaPia˛tkowska  \nReceived: 12 February 2026  \nRevised: 9 April 2026  \nAccepted: 10 April 2026  \nPublished: 14 April 2026  \nCopyright: © 2026 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 Internal and Nutritional Unit,“Madonna del Soccorso” General Hospital, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy; [pezzoliannalisa@gmail.com](pezzoliannalisa@gmail.com) (A.P.); giacomo.recanatini@sanita.marche.it (G.R.);  \narianna.diberadino@sanita.marche.it (A.D.B.); carlo.rasetti1@sanita.marche.it (C.R.)  \n2 Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Nutritional Science,“Santa Maria” Hospital, Terni and Nutritional Residency Program, Perugia University, 06121 Perugia, Italy; [m.scarcella@aospterni.it](m.scarcella@aospterni.it)  \n3 Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; [domenico.morano@unicz.it](domenico.morano@unicz.it) (D.M.); [l.abenavoli@unicz.it](l.abenavoli@unicz.it) (L.A.)  \n4 Center for Chronic Liver Diseases,“Renato Dulbecco” University Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy  \n5 Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (T.A.R.G.I.D.), Gasthuisberg University Hospital, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; [jan.tack@med.kuleuven.be](jan.tack@med.kuleuven.be)  \n* Correspondence: [scarpidio@gmail.com](scarpidio@gmail.com)  \nAbstract  \nPostoperative complications in gastrointestinal (GI) cancer patients remain a significant challenge for physicians. It leads to increased morbidity, prolonged hospital stays, and higher healthcare costs. Enteral immunonutrition (EIN) has emerged as a promising add-on treatment to modulate immune response following surgery. In fact, it reduces inflammation and promotes patients’ recovery. Indeed, the literature data on its real clinical impact for the patients are inconsistent and, yet, poorly investigated. Thus, the aim of this review was to narratively assess the current evidence for the use of EIN in postoperative GI cancer patients, evaluating the effect on clinical and immunological outcomes of patients. Therefore, a literature search was conducted using the following keywords and associations: enteral immunonutrition, gastrointestinal cancer, immune response, inflammation, and postoperative complication. GI cancers, mainly esophageal and gastric cancer, represent a significant global health burden, characterized by high incidence and mortality rates. The complex interplay between tumor progression, systemic inflammation, and host nutritional status profoundly impacts patient outcomes. Traditional cancer treatments are effective and often lead to severe side effects. The latter includes malnutrition and immunosuppression and can significantly affect patients’ recovery. In recent times, the concept of immunonutrition has emerged as a promising add-on therapy able to consensually modulate immune response and improve nutritional status. Several studies and meta-analyses suggest that EIN can reduce postoperative infections (e.g., wound infections and sepsis incidence), shorten hospital stays, and improve overall outcomes in GI cancer surgery patients vs. standard enteral feeding. EIN is a promising add-on approach for the management of postoperative GI cancer patients. It can significantly reduce postoperative complications and enhance their recovery. However, the result seems consistent for gastric but not yet esophageal cancer patients. EIN shows high tolerance and a high safety profile.  \nKeywords: enteral immunonutrition; gastrointestinal cancer; immune response; inflammation; postoperative complication  \n1. Introduction  \nSurgical treatment fo","cbCaidq6Vh0zK3ba","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidq6Vh0zK3ba","pdf",1056852,23,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# 1. Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What problem does this review address in postoperative GI cancer care?\",\"answer\":\"Postoperative complications in gastrointestinal cancer patients remain difficult to manage, contributing to higher morbidity, longer hospital stays, and increased healthcare costs.\"},{\"question\":\"How is enteral immunonutrition (EIN) expected to help after GI cancer surgery?\",\"answer\":\"EIN is a gut-delivered, nutrient-enriched intervention designed to modulate the immune system, reduce inflammation, and promote patient recovery.\"},{\"question\":\"What outcomes does the review evaluate for EIN in postoperative GI cancer patients?\",\"answer\":\"The review assesses effects on clinical outcomes and immunological outcomes, focusing on postoperative complications such as infections and related recovery metrics.\"}]","Immunonutrition for the Management of Postsurgery GI Cancer Patients | PDF",1790101552,58]