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Over the last decade, the emergence of immunotherapy has irreversibly altered the paradigm of cancer treatment. The current treatment modalities for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) include surgery, radiotherapy, and adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy which has failed to provide satisfactory clinical outcomes. To encounter this, there is a need for a novel or targeted therapy such as immunological targets along with conventional treatment strategy for optimal therapeutic outcomes. The immune system can contribute to promoting metastasis, angiogenesis, and growth by exploiting the tumor’s influence on the microenvironment. Immunological targets have been found effective in recent clinical studies and have shown promising results. This review outlines the important immunological targets and the medications acting on them that have already been explored, are currently under clinical trials and are further being targeted.  \nKeywords  \nhead and neck squamous cell carcinoma, immunomodulatory therapy, human papillomavirus, monoclonal antibodies, cetuximab, pembrolizumab, nivolumab  \nIntroduction  \nThe prevalence of head and neck cancer (HNC) and resultant morbidity and mortality has been rising worldwide. HNC isone of the most widespread malignancies, with an annual incidence of more than 800,000 cases and 400,000 fatalities. 1,2 Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the most prevalent type of HNC, accounting for approximately 90% of all occurrences.3 Based on anatomical sites, the pyriform fossa, oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx are the prominent sites of HNC.4,5 The prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) associated with HNSCC is increasing apart from conventional risk factors such as tobacco chewing, smoking, and alcohol consumption.6 The treatment of HNSCC is comprised of surgery, radiotherapy, and neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy.7 Despite extensive multimodal treatments, the 5-year overall survival (OS) of patients suffering from HNSCC is only 40 to 50% .8 The conventional first-line treatment comprises of platinum analogs, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and cetuximab. This has a median survival of just 10.1 months for recurrent or metastatic HNSCC (R/MHNSCC) .9 The prognosis of locoregional or distant recurrence  \nHNC is very poor and the curative treatment options are limited.10–12 In addition, these conventional regimen is hazardous, with an 82% rate of grade 3 and 4 adverse events (AEs) .13 Therefore, there is a significant need to prolong the survival of the patients suffering from HNSCC without aggravating toxicity.  \nTo encounter these problems, the development of novel treatment approaches as effective treatment modalities such as immunomodulatory therapy for the management of HNSCC have gained much needed attention.14 According to cancer immunotherapy, tumors can be detected as foreign rather than internal  \n1 Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India  \n2 Department of Pharmaceutical chemistry, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India  \n3 Medical Oncologist, ClearMedi Radiant Hospital, Mysore, India  \nCorresponding Author:  \nAvinash Khadela, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, ","cbCaivrNz3zReETP","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivrNz3zReETP","pdf",1509311,27,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"Why is immunotherapy important for HNSCC?\",\"answer\":\"Immunotherapy has changed the treatment paradigm because traditional modalities often fail to achieve satisfactory outcomes. Immunological targets show promising results in recent clinical studies and trials.\"},{\"question\":\"What limitations do current HNSCC treatments have?\",\"answer\":\"Current options include surgery, radiotherapy, and adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy, which have not provided satisfactory clinical outcomes. Conventional regimens can also be hazardous with substantial adverse event rates.\"},{\"question\":\"How do immunological targets relate to tumor progression?\",\"answer\":\"The immune system can contribute to metastasis, angiogenesis, and tumor growth by exploiting influences on the microenvironment. Immunological targets are explored to improve therapeutic results and patient outcomes.\"}]","Immunomodulatory Therapy in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Recent Advances and Clinical Prospects | PDF",1790263168,68]