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It describes roles of odontoblasts and multiple cellular and nonimmune components, explaining innate and adaptive immunity during inflammation. The article emphasizes inflammatory mechanisms that help preserve tissue homeostasis, supporting outcomes such as necrosis or regeneration.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/immune-system-of-dental-pulp-in-inflamed-and-normal-tissue-review/525924/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/immune-system-of-dental-pulp-in-inflamed-and-normal-tissue-review/525924.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Aria","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-26","2026-10-08",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What causes infection and inflammation in dental pulp?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Dental caries and related conditions allow oral microorganisms to invade mineralized tissues and reach the pulp, leading to infection and inflammation. These processes can progress to pulpitis and necrosis.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the immune response differ between healthy and inflamed pulp?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"In healthy pulp, immune mechanisms restrain the early spread of pathogens. In inflamed pulp, the response prepares conditions for necrosis or regeneration, helping maintain tissue homeostasis.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What roles do odontoblasts and pulp cells play in immunity?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Odontoblasts detect harmful substances produced by oral bacteria at early stages and trigger immune responses. 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For personal use only .  \nImmune System of Dental Pulp in Inflamed and Normal Tissue  \nSepideh Sarfi,1,2 Ehsaneh Azaryan ,3 and Mohsen Naseri4  \nTeeth are vulnerable to structural compromise, primarily attributed to carious lesions, in which microorganisms originating from the oral cavity deteriorate the mineralized structures of enamel and dentin, subsequently infiltrating the underlying soft connective tissue, known as the dental pulp. Nonetheless, dental pulp possesses the necessary capabilities to detect and defend against bacteria and their by-products, using a variety of intricate defense mechanisms. The pulp houses specialized cells known as odontoblasts, which encounter harmful substances produced by oral bacteria. These cells identify pathogens at an early stage and commence the immune system response. As bacteria approach the pulp, various cell types within the pulp, such as different immune cells, stem cells, fibroblasts, as well as neuronal and vascular networks, contribute a range of defense mechanisms. Therefore, the immune system is present in the healthy pulp to restrain the initial spread of pathogens, and then in the inflamed pulp, it prepares the conditions for necrosis or regeneration, so inflammatory response mechanisms play a critical role in maintaining tissue homeostasis. This review aims to consolidate the existing literature on the immune system in dental pulp, encompassing current knowledge on this topic that explains the diverse mechanisms of recognition and defense against pathogens exhibited by dental pulp cells, elucidates the mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity in inflamed pulp, and highlights the difference between inflamed and normal pulp tissue.  \nKeywords: dental pulp, immune cell, nonimmune cell, inflammation, regeneration  \nIntroduction  \nThe pulp of a tooth is a mesenchymal structure encased by  \nrigid mineral elements (Khorasani et al., 2020). Dental tissue exhibits unique behavior that sets it apart from other connective tissues, because of its hard mineralized tissues (enamel, dentin, and cement) surrounding the soft structure (pulp complex) (Park et al., 2015). An intricate network of blood arteries and nerve fibers is present throughout the tissue (Nakashima and Akamine, 2005), which controls the movement of numerous mediators (inflammatory). The dental pulp that fills the tooth’s center gives it life and functionality even though it does not contribute to dental function (mastication, speech, aesthetics) (Zaky et al., 2021). Dental caries, as the most prevalent cause, has the potential to result in tooth destruction. Other contributing factors to  \ntooth destruction encompass periodontal disease, surgical interventions, dentinal cracks, and trauma (Serio, 2010; Yaghooti Khorasani and Irannezhad, 2017) . Microorganisms cause infection and inflammation in each of these situations (Galler et al., 2021) . Bacterial invasion causes chronic inflammation, pulp necrosis, and subsequent severe issues.“Pulpitis” is a term for pulp inflammation (Farges et al., 2015a) . Dental caries affect *90% of the global adult population and can progress to pulpitis (Duncan and Cooper, 2020) .  \nThe microflora contains many bacterial species in moderate caries in teeth (Aas et al., 2008; Chhour et al., 2005) . Gram-positive bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacilli, and Actinomyces dominate the microflora. These bacteria have a significant role in the initial pulpal pathology. However, in severe pulpitis, the percentage of aerobic gra","cbCair2n4hhlGl9Y","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCair2n4hhlGl9Y","pdf",1046415,18,"English","# Introduction\n## Dental pulp structure and vulnerability\n## Dental caries, pulpitis, and infection\n## Microflora and progression to deeper infections\n## Molecular immune response in pulp complex\n## Innate recognition by odontoblasts and defense mechanisms","[{\"question\":\"What causes infection and inflammation in dental pulp?\",\"answer\":\"Dental caries and related conditions allow oral microorganisms to invade mineralized tissues and reach the pulp, leading to infection and inflammation. These processes can progress to pulpitis and necrosis.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the immune response differ between healthy and inflamed pulp?\",\"answer\":\"In healthy pulp, immune mechanisms restrain the early spread of pathogens. In inflamed pulp, the response prepares conditions for necrosis or regeneration, helping maintain tissue homeostasis.\"},{\"question\":\"What roles do odontoblasts and pulp cells play in immunity?\",\"answer\":\"Odontoblasts detect harmful substances produced by oral bacteria at early stages and trigger immune responses. Other immune and nonimmune cell types, along with neuronal and vascular networks, contribute to defense mechanisms.\"}]","Immune System of Dental Pulp in Inflamed and Normal Tissue - Review | PDF",1791493974,45]