[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-331251-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":81,"doc-detail-331251-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","immune-responses-and-immunotherapeutic-approaches-in-the-treatment-against-cancer-review","Immune responses and immunotherapeutic approaches in the treatment against cancer - review","","Cancer cells within a tumor population are heterogeneous due to genomic mutations and epigenetic changes, and the immune response—especially the T cell repertoire in the cancer microenvironment—is crucial for controlling and shaping tumor growth. When a cancer clone evades immune surveillance, it can overcome host immunity. This review highlights the complex tumor microenvironment, summarizes molecular evidence of immune interactions, and discusses successful checkpoint inhibition clinical trials targeting CTLA-4 and/or PD-1 versus PD-L1. It also describes expanding tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes ex vivo for adoptive immunotherapy.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/immune-responses-and-immunotherapeutic-approaches-in-the-treatment-against-cancer-review/331251/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/immune-responses-and-immunotherapeutic-approaches-in-the-treatment-against-cancer-review/331251.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Theodore","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",7,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"Why is immune response to cancer, particularly the T cell repertoire, important?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Because the immune response—especially the T cell repertoire in the cancer microenvironment—helps control and influence cancer cell growth. The review emphasizes dynamic interactions between metastasis and T cell repertoire.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"What types of immunotherapeutic approaches does the review highlight?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"It highlights checkpoint inhibition therapies using CTLA-4 and/or PD-1 versus PD-L1 that have shown success in treating melanoma, lung cancer, and other cancer types.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"How can tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes be used in treatment?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes within the cancer may be expanded ex vivo and infused back to the patient as an adoptive immunotherapy modality.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},331251,1790400646,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,110,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},8,30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":111,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},7971461740886,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","Clinical & Experimental Metastasis (2024) 41:473–493 [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10585-024-10300-7](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10585-024-10300-7)  \nREVIEW  \nImmune responses and immunotherapeutic approaches in the treatment against cancer  \nStanley P Leong1  \nReceived: 4 March 2024 / Accepted: 15 June 2024 / Published online: 18 August 2024 © The Author(s) 2024  \nAbstract  \nCancer cells within a population are heterogeneous due to genomic mutations or epigenetic changes. The immune response to cancer especially the T cell repertoire within the cancer microenvionment is important to the control and growth of cancer cells. When a cancer clone breaks through the surveillance of the immune system, it wins the battle to overcome the host’s immune system. In this review, the complicated profile of the cancer microenvironment is emphasized. The molecular evidence of immune responses to cancer has been recently established. Based on these molecular mechanisms of immune interactions with cancer, clinical trials based on checkpoint inhibition therapy against CTLA-4 and/or PD-1 versus PD-L1 have been successful in the treatment of melanoma, lung cancer and other types of cancer. The diversity of the T cell repertoire is described and the tumor infiltrating lymphocytes within the cancer may be expanded ex vivo and infused back to the patient as a treatment modality for adoptive immunotherapy.  \nKeywords Immune Responses and Immunotherapy against Cancer  \nIntroduction  \nCancer is a heterogeneous disease arising from genomic mutations [1] or epigenetic changes [2] . Within a cancer cell population, heterogeneous clones may develop resulting in cancer heterogeneity within a tumor, between different clones, metastatic deposits and patients. The cancer microenvironment exerts a selective force akin to Darwinian “natural selection” [3–5] that promotes the development of invasive clones to metastasize from the primary site to distant sites, in accordance with Paget’s seed and soil hypothesis [6] for cancer spread. Cancer metastasis may occur through lymphatic vessels to the sentinel lymph nodes  \nPresented at the 9th International Congress on Cancer Metastasis through the Lymphovascular System, May 4–6, 2023, in San Francisco, CA. To be published in a Special Issue of Clinical and Experimental Metastasis: Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Metastasis.  \n􀀍 Stanley P Leong  \n[Stanley.Leong@sutterhealth.org](Stanley.Leong@sutterhealth.org); [Stanley.Leong@ucsf.edu](Stanley.Leong@ucsf.edu)  \n1 California Pacific Medical Center and Research Institute, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, USA  \nor through blood vessels, or via both pathways [7, 8] . The molecular mechanisms of cancer spread are under intense study. While in the literature, the genetics [9] and proteomics [10] of cancer have been emphasized, the cancer microenvironment, especially the immune response to cancer and the T cell repertoire of the host has not been highlighted. In this review, we want to review the immune responses relating to the T cell repertoire to cancer. It is important to understand the dynamic interactions between cancer metastasis and T cell repertoire. Perhaps these interactions are different during different stages of cancer evolution from a single cell toa clonal population with development of invasive clones to metastatic sites.  \nA review of the discovery of T cells over the past 60 years has been well documented by Biolegend [11] . T cell milestone discoveries include the thymic function in the 1959s, as the thymus has been found to be the site ofT cell development [12] . CD8 +T cells were discovered in 1975, when they were depleted by antiserum, their cell-mediated cytotoxicity was abolished [13] . Kohler and Milstein developed monoclonal antibodies from hybridomas in 1975 [14] and won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984, jointly with Niels Jerne [15], Their discovery has boosted biological research significantly to design monoclo","cbCaie7YaKo5HWs3","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaie7YaKo5HWs3","pdf",1398745,21,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Cancer heterogeneity and microenvironment selection\n## Metastasis pathways\n## Immune response and T cell repertoire focus\n## Historical milestones in T cell discovery","[{\"question\":\"Why is immune response to cancer, particularly the T cell repertoire, important?\",\"answer\":\"Because the immune response—especially the T cell repertoire in the cancer microenvironment—helps control and influence cancer cell growth. The review emphasizes dynamic interactions between metastasis and T cell repertoire.\"},{\"question\":\"What types of immunotherapeutic approaches does the review highlight?\",\"answer\":\"It highlights checkpoint inhibition therapies using CTLA-4 and/or PD-1 versus PD-L1 that have shown success in treating melanoma, lung cancer, and other cancer types.\"},{\"question\":\"How can tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes be used in treatment?\",\"answer\":\"Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes within the cancer may be expanded ex vivo and infused back to the patient as an adoptive immunotherapy modality.\"}]","Immune responses and immunotherapeutic approaches in the treatment against cancer - review | PDF",1789992410,53]