[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-345760-105":59,"doc-detail-345760-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","immune-heterogeneity-and-therapeutic-resistance-in-gynecological-malignancies","Immune heterogeneity and therapeutic resistance in gynecological malignancies","","Gynecological malignancies show profound cellular heterogeneity, dynamic immune remodeling, and frequent therapeutic resistance, which restrict long-lasting clinical benefit. Single-cell sequencing enables high-resolution dissection of tumor ecosystems, identifying malignant subclones, immune and stromal cell states, lineage trajectories, and intercellular communication. Evidence from cervical, ovarian, and endometrial cancers highlights immune suppression, exhausted lymphocyte populations, macrophage polarization, and stromal–immune interactions linked to resistance, supporting new avenues for precision immunotherapy.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/immune-heterogeneity-and-therapeutic-resistance-in-gynecological-malignancies/345760/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/immune-heterogeneity-and-therapeutic-resistance-in-gynecological-malignancies/345760.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Skyler","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-23","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why is immune heterogeneity important in gynecological malignancies?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Immune heterogeneity and immune remodeling shape tumor progression, immune escape, and therapeutic resistance, limiting durable clinical responses.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does single-cell sequencing improve understanding of tumor ecosystems?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It resolves genomic and transcriptomic features at individual-cell resolution, enabling identification of malignant subclones, immune cell states, stromal subsets, and intercellular communication networks.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What immune-related findings are highlighted across cervical, ovarian, and endometrial cancers?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Cervical cancer studies describe epithelial diversity and immune exhaustion; ovarian cancer analyses refine origins and immune suppression associated with metastasis and platinum resistance; endometrial cancer profiling uncovers heterogeneous cancer-associated fibroblasts and prognostic stromal–immune interactions.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},345760,1790167458,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":44,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},2336464648746,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","TYPE Mini Review  \nPUBLISHED 22 June 2026  \nDOI 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1837428  \nOPEN ACCESS  \nEDITED BY  \nHearn Jay Cho,  \nIcahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States  \nREVIEWED BY  \nDi Du,  \nExxonMobil Research and Engineering, United States  \n*CORRESPONDENCE  \nBinhan Guo  \n[19938119203@163.com](19938119203@163.com)  \nRECEIVED 24 March 2026  \nREVISED 08 June 2026  \nACCEPTED 08 June 2026  \nPUBLISHED 22 June 2026  \nCITATION  \nZhang M and Guo B (2026)  \nImmune heterogeneity and therapeutic resistance in gynecological malignancies.  \nFront. Immunol. 17:1837428 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1837428  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2026 Zhang and Guo. This is an openaccess article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nImmune heterogeneity and therapeutic resistance in gynecological malignancies  \nMengyi Zhang 1,2 and Binhan Guo 1,2*  \n1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China, 2 Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China  \nGynecological malignancies are characterized by profound cellular heterogeneity, dynamic immune remodeling, and frequent therapeutic resistance, which together limit durable clinical responses. Single-cell sequencing has emerged as a powerful approach for dissecting tumor ecosystems at unprecedented resolution, enabling the identification of malignant subclones, immune cell states, stromal subsets, lineage trajectories, and intercellular communication networks. In cervical cancer, single-cell studies have revealed epithelial diversity, HPVassociated immune suppression, exhausted T/NK-cell populations, macrophage polarization, and genomic alterations linked to chemoradiotherapy resistance. In ovarian cancer, single-cell analyses have refined the understanding of fallopian tube origin, molecular subtypes, metastatic dissemination, ascites-associated immune suppression, platinum resistance, and tertiary lymphoid structure-related immune phenotypes. In endometrial cancer, single-cell profiling has uncovered heterogeneous cancer-associated fibroblast populations, epithelial biomarkers, and stromal–immune interactions with prognostic relevance. This review summarizes recent advances in single-cell sequencing across cervical, ovarian, and endometrial cancers, with particular emphasis on immune heterogeneity, tumor– microenvironment crosstalk, therapeutic resistance, and emerging opportunities for precision immunotherapy.  \nKEYWORDS  \ndrug resistance, gynecological malignancies, NK cell, single-cell sequencing, T cell, tumor heterogeneity, tumor microenvironment  \n1 Introduction  \nSingle-cell sequencing has revolutionized biomedical research by enabling high-resolution dissection of transcriptomes, genomes, proteomes, epigenomes, and spatial architectures (1–3) . This technological advance provides unprecedented capacity to decipher complex biological systems, particularly in oncology, where cellular diversity underpins disease pathogenesis and therapeutic response. Gynecological malignancies remain a leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women globally (4), comprising intricate ecosystems of malignant, immune, stromal, and endothelial subpopulations with divergent biological behaviors (5). Critically, interpatient heterogeneity—even among tumors sharing stage, anatomical site, and histology—underlies substantial variability in therapeutic responses and clinical outcomes (6, 7) .  \nFrontiers in Immunology 01 [frontiersin.org](frontiersin.org)  \nConventional bulk sequencing, while informative,","cbCairLZMLBQAnes","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairLZMLBQAnes","pdf",1149870,"English","# Introduction\n# Immune microenvironment in gynecological malignancies\n## Innate immune cells and inflammatory remodeling","[{\"question\":\"Why is immune heterogeneity important in gynecological malignancies?\",\"answer\":\"Immune heterogeneity and immune remodeling shape tumor progression, immune escape, and therapeutic resistance, limiting durable clinical responses.\"},{\"question\":\"How does single-cell sequencing improve understanding of tumor ecosystems?\",\"answer\":\"It resolves genomic and transcriptomic features at individual-cell resolution, enabling identification of malignant subclones, immune cell states, stromal subsets, and intercellular communication networks.\"},{\"question\":\"What immune-related findings are highlighted across cervical, ovarian, and endometrial cancers?\",\"answer\":\"Cervical cancer studies describe epithelial diversity and immune exhaustion; ovarian cancer analyses refine origins and immune suppression associated with metastasis and platinum resistance; endometrial cancer profiling uncovers heterogeneous cancer-associated fibroblasts and prognostic stromal–immune interactions.\"}]","Immune heterogeneity and therapeutic resistance in gynecological malignancies | PDF",1790058804,23]