[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-332175-105":59,"doc-detail-332175-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","immune-checkpoint-inhibitors-breakthroughs-in-cancer-treatment","Immune checkpoint inhibitors: breakthroughs in cancer treatment","","Over the past two decades, immunotherapies have become first-line options for many cancers. Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) shows promising activity against diverse solid tumors in clinical trials, largely through monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that inhibit key immune checkpoints such as CTLA-4 and PD-1. Despite these advances, resistance or tolerance remains common, driven by tumor immune evasion mechanisms. Substantial research therefore targets additional immune checkpoint molecules and synergistic inhibitory receptors to strengthen anti-tumor efficacy and expand therapeutic options.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/immune-checkpoint-inhibitors-breakthroughs-in-cancer-treatment/332175/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/immune-checkpoint-inhibitors-breakthroughs-in-cancer-treatment/332175.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Violet","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What are immune checkpoint inhibitors and how do they work in cancer treatment?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Immune checkpoint inhibitors include monoclonal antibodies that target immune checkpoints such as CTLA-4 and PD-1. By blocking these checkpoints, they can support anti-tumor immune responses in patients.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Why do some cancer patients develop resistance or tolerance to immune checkpoint blockade?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"A substantial proportion of patients show inherent or acquired resistance driven by tumor immune evasion mechanisms. These mechanisms counteract the host immune response despite ICB therapy.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which additional immune checkpoint targets are highlighted beyond CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review discusses emerging molecular targets such as TIGIT, TIM-3, LAG-3, VISTA, BTLA, and SIRPα, along with mAbs under development against these proteins.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},332175,1790177682,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},4398048950312,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/400002538284de19e3c?_k=1778320343897328908","Cancer Biol Med 2024. doi: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2024.0055  \nREVIEW  \nImmune checkpoint inhibitors: breakthroughs in cancer treatment  \nXueqing Kong1, Jinyi Zhang1, Shuwei Chen1, Xianyang Wang1, Qing Xi1, Han Shen2, Rongxin Zhang1  \n1 Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; 2 Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China  \n\n| ABSTRACT | Over the past two decades, immunotherapies have increasingly been considered as first-line treatments for most cancers. One such treatment is immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), which has demonstrated promising results against various solid tumors in clinical trials. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are currently available as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) . These ICIs target specific immune checkpoints, including cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). Clinical trial results strongly support the feasibility of this immunotherapeutic approach. However, a substantial proportion of patients with cancer develop resistance or tolerance to treatment, owing to tumor immune evasion mechanisms that counteract the host immune response.\u003Cbr>Consequently, substantial research focus has been aimed at identifying additional ICIs or synergistic inhibitory receptors to enhance |\n| --- | --- |\n| KEYWORDS | the effectiveness of anti-PD-1, anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 (anti-PD-L1), and anti-CTLA-4 treatments. Recently, several immune checkpoint molecular targets have been identified, such as T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT), mucin domain containing-3 (TIM-3), lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA), B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA), and signal-regulatory protein α (SIRPα) . Functional mAbs targeting these molecules are under development. CTLA-4, PD-1/PD-L1, and other recently discovered immune checkpoint proteins with distinct structures are at the forefront of research. This review discusses these structures, as well as clinical progress in mAbs targeting these immune checkpoint molecules and their potential applications.\u003Cbr>Immunotherapy; cancer; ICIs; PD-1; CTLA-4 |\n\nIntroduction  \nCancer is a rapidly progressing disease with a high mortality rate1. In recent decades, novel therapeutic modalities, such as targeted therapies and immunotherapies, have emerged as supplements to conventional treatment approaches, such as surgery and radiation therapy. The landscape of cancer management has undergone a paradigm shift with the advent of immunotherapy. The discovery and development of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) substantially enhanced tumor treatment outcomes. Research in cancer immunology continues to explore innovative agents that  \nCorrespondence to: Han Shen and Rongxin Zhang  \nE-mail: shenhanbc@163.com and [rxzhang@gdpu.edu.cn](rxzhang@gdpu.edu.cn)  \nORCID ID: [https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0366-4403](https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0366-4403)  \nand [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4083-374X](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4083-374X)  \nReceived January 30, 2024; accepted April 26, 2024;  \npublished online May 24, 2024. Available [at www.cancerbiomed.org](at www.cancerbiomed.org)  \n©2024 The Authors. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License  \ntarget and elicit efficient immune responses. As of March 2023, 11 ICIs had received regulatory approval in the United States2,3. In 2018, Ryuji Ohno and James Allison were awarded the Nobel Prize for their contributions to the fields of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4)4. Despite the remarkable therapeutic effects observed for some tumor types, a substantial proportion of patients exhibit inherent or acquired resistance to immune checkpoint interv","cbCain4PSiIbQuhl","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCain4PSiIbQuhl","pdf",1126974,22,"English","# Introduction\n## Immune checkpoint blockade and immune checkpoint inhibitors\n## Resistance mechanisms and emerging targets\n# Clinical progress and combination therapies\n## Structures of immune checkpoint proteins\n## Clinical trials of ICI combination therapies (Table 1)","[{\"question\":\"What are immune checkpoint inhibitors and how do they work in cancer treatment?\",\"answer\":\"Immune checkpoint inhibitors include monoclonal antibodies that target immune checkpoints such as CTLA-4 and PD-1. By blocking these checkpoints, they can support anti-tumor immune responses in patients.\"},{\"question\":\"Why do some cancer patients develop resistance or tolerance to immune checkpoint blockade?\",\"answer\":\"A substantial proportion of patients show inherent or acquired resistance driven by tumor immune evasion mechanisms. These mechanisms counteract the host immune response despite ICB therapy.\"},{\"question\":\"Which additional immune checkpoint targets are highlighted beyond CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1?\",\"answer\":\"The review discusses emerging molecular targets such as TIGIT, TIM-3, LAG-3, VISTA, BTLA, and SIRPα, along with mAbs under development against these proteins.\"}]","Immune checkpoint inhibitors: breakthroughs in cancer treatment | PDF",1789997190,55]