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County-level immigration arrests were linked to declines in academic achievement, absenteeism, and multiple indicators of school climate and safety for Latinx students, including Latinx English learners. Small decreases also appeared for students receiving special education services through an IEP. Strongest associations followed Trump-era arrests versus the second Obama term, with policy implications discussed.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/immigration-arrests-and-educational-impacts-linking-ice-arrests-to-declines-in-achievement-attendance-and-school-climate-and-safety-in-california/590099/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/immigration-arrests-and-educational-impacts-linking-ice-arrests-to-declines-in-achievement-attendance-and-school-climate-and-safety-in-california/590099.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Adam","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-16","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What relationship does the study examine between immigration enforcement and education outcomes?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It tests associations between county-level immigration arrests and students’ academic achievement, absenteeism, and indicators of school climate and safety in California CORE districts.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which student groups showed the largest reported effects?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Declines were strongest for Latinx students and Latinx students who were English learners; smaller declines were also observed for students with special education services via an IEP.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How did the timing of arrests relate to the strength of associations?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Associations were strongest for arrests occurring during the Trump administration compared with those occurring in the second term of the Obama administration.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},590099,1792124156,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},1374404737137,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","AERA Open  \nJanuary-December 2021, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 1–17 DOI: 10. 1177/23328584211039787  \nArticle reuse guidelines: [sagepub.com/journals-permissions](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[ ](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)© The Author(s) 2021. [https://journals.sagepub.com/home/ero](https://journals.sagepub.com/home/ero)  \nImmigration Arrests and Educational Impacts: Linking ICE Arrests to Declines in Achievement, Attendance, and School Climate and  \nSafety in California  \nJ. Jacob Kirksey  \nTexas Tech University  \nCarolyn Sattin-Bajaj  \nUniversity of California, Santa Barbara  \nWith increased tensions and political rhetoric surrounding immigration enforcement in the United States, schools are facing greater challenges in ensuring support for their students of immigrant and Latinx origin. This study examined the associations between county-level immigration arrests and academic achievement, absenteeism, and measures of school climate and safety for students in the California CORE districts. Using ordinary least squares regression analyses with year, grade, school, and student fixed effects, we found that immigration arrests corresponded to declines in academic achievement, attendance, and various measures of school climate and safety for Latinx students and Latinx students who were English learners. We also find small declines in measures of school climate and safety for students who ever received special education services via an Individualized Education Program. Associations were strongest for arrests that occurred during the Trump administration compared with those that occurred during the second term of the Obama administration. Policy implications are discussed.  \nKeywords: immigration enforcement, Latinx, English learners, education policy, social-emotional skills  \nOn his first day in office, President Biden signed a series of Executive Orders to dismantle the robust legal machinery the Trump Administration had built to systematically block migration and asylum seeking to the United States, limit the rights of immigrants and their dependents, and pursue largescale immigrant detention and deportation (Pierce & Bolter, 2020) . Biden’s efforts represent a step forward in seeking to rectify the expansive anti-immigrant legal actions pursed by former President Trump, although some immigrant rights advocates have critiqued the pace and scope of the changes as insufficient. Even with a reversal of Trump-era policies, 4 years of xenophobic rhetoric and punitive immigration enforcement actions have significantly affected the lives of millions of immigrant families living in the United States today (Barajas-Gonzalez, 2019; Grace et al., 2018; Lopez, Gonzalez-Barrera, & Krogstad, 2018; Roche et al., 2020) . The extent of these effects is largely unknown at present given the lag time between these events, data collection, and publication. To understand how to best respond to the consequences of Trump-era immigration policies and practices, there is an urgent need for research that examines how these policies, practices, and the broader environment of antiimmigrant sentiment in which they were enacted have  \ninfluenced people’s social, economic, physical, mental, and educational well-being, including that of young people (see Capps et al., 2020 for recent work) .  \nChildren in immigrant families are among the multiple segments of U.S. society whose lives were dramatically disrupted by the social and political changes wrought under the Trump Presidency. The most recent data show that more than 18 million children in the United States have at least one immigrant parent (Kids Count Data Center, n.d.), and the majority of these children are themselves native-born, U.S. citizens (Lou et al., 2019) . At the same time, roughly 5 million children or 7% of all children enrolled in public and private K–12 schools in the United States are living with at least one undocumented parent (Passel & Cohn, 2018) and approximately 675,000 children yo","cbCaiqZKHUPVs2LN","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiqZKHUPVs2LN","pdf",462075,17,"English","# Abstract and background\n## Study design and findings\n## Subgroup and timing effects\n## Policy implications and context","[{\"question\":\"What relationship does the study examine between immigration enforcement and education outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"It tests associations between county-level immigration arrests and students’ academic achievement, absenteeism, and indicators of school climate and safety in California CORE districts.\"},{\"question\":\"Which student groups showed the largest reported effects?\",\"answer\":\"Declines were strongest for Latinx students and Latinx students who were English learners; smaller declines were also observed for students with special education services via an IEP.\"},{\"question\":\"How did the timing of arrests relate to the strength of associations?\",\"answer\":\"Associations were strongest for arrests occurring during the Trump administration compared with those occurring in the second term of the Obama administration.\"}]","Immigration Arrests and Educational Impacts - Linking ICE Arrests to Declines in Achievement, Attendance, and School Climate and Safety in California | PDF",1792068788,43]