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Six Nisei participants were interviewed about their experiences during and immediately after camp confinement; three also created art images that intensified and clarified memories and emotions. Seven themes emerged, including harsh living conditions, creativity for survival, loss, family and community separation, identity disruption, resilience, and the need for legacy and social justice.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/image-making-and-personal-narratives-with-japanese-american-survivors-of-world-war-ii-internment-camps/592136/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/image-making-and-personal-narratives-with-japanese-american-survivors-of-world-war-ii-internment-camps/592136.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Grenda","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-22","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":14},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What research method was used in the study?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study used qualitative research combining in-depth interviews with art-making and poetry-based recall to explore participants’ experiences of internment.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How many participants created art images, and what was the purpose?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Three of the six participants created art images to enhance memories and evoke emotion connected to their internment experiences.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What major themes did the authors identify from the data?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Seven themes were identified: stressful camp living conditions, art and creativity for survival, loss and deprivation, separation of family and community ties, disruption of identity, resilience and reaffirmation of values, and the need for legacy and social justice.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},592136,1792701034,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":14,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":39,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":46},7971474921005,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","Image Making and Personal Narratives with JapaneseAmerican Survivors of World War II Internment Camps  \nCarleen Yates, Kali Kuwada, Penelope Potter, Danielle Cameron, and Janice Hoshino, Seattle, WA  \nAbstract  \nThis qualitative study explored the verbal and art making responses of Japanese-American elders who experienced the trauma of internment during World War II. Six Nisei (second generation Japanese-Americans) were asked to recall memories of their experiences during and immediately following internment; 3 of the participants also created art images that enhanced memories and evoked emotion. From an in-depth review of the data, the authors identify seven prominent themes: (a) stressful living conditions in camp,(b) art and creativity for camp survival, (c) loss and deprivation, (d) separation or division of family and community ties, (e) disruption of identity, (f ) resilience and reaffirmation of values, and (g) the need for legacy and social justice. The study found that participants’ internalized shame from being labeled “enemy aliens”has evolved into an externalized concern for discriminatory actions against minority groups that are marginalized by war.  \nIntroduction  \nDuring World War II, 110,000 Japanese-Americans living in the western United States were forcibly relocated and interned in barely inhabitable “camps.” Many who experienced this trauma are reluctant to talk about that dark time and have not shared their experiences with family and friends. Given an opportunity to do so, through a qualitative research study that combined art making, poetry, and in-depth interviews, 6 elderly Japanese-American participants shared the difficulties their families experienced. This study is timely because as the years pass, fewer former internees are left to share their stories. The participants felt an urgency to relate their experiences of the harms of arbitrary racial profiling in light of current events. An existing attitude in the United States toward those who do not fit the desired American profile seems to have contributed to a  \nEditor’s note: Carleen Yates, MA, Kali Kuwada, MA, Penelope Potter, MA, and Danielle Cameron, MA, are graduates of the Psychology and Art Therapy programs at Antioch University, Seattle. Janice Hoshino, PhD, ATR-BC, is a core faculty member in Child, Couple and Family Therapy and Chair of the Art Therapy Program at Antioch University Seattle. Correspondence concerning this article should be sent to the first author at: [cryseattle@comcast.net. The](cryseattle@comcast.net. The) authors would like to acknowledge the contributions of core faculty member Ms. Jayashree George, DA, ATR-BC, and express their gratitude to the JapaneseAmerican elders who so generously shared their stories.  \nreemergence of racial profiling. This strategy for managing the anxiety of a perceived outside threat has precedent in the Japanese-American experience. This study may provide important insight for art therapists who witness the effects of phobic reactions to cultural and ethnic difference, as well as coping strategies that ameliorate the trauma. The authors found that alternative and creative methods further illuminated the profound experiences of six Japanese-Americans who experienced internment during WWII.  \nLiterature Review  \nHistory of Japanese-American Internment  \nDiscrimination and prejudice against JapaneseAmericans began long before the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. The bombing gave additional fuel to racist sentiments already held by mainstream United States citizens and leaders at the time, with government propaganda depicting Japanese-Americans as rats, dogs, gorillas, and snakes (Cooper, 2000) . In February, 1942, Congressman John Ranken proclaimed, “Once a Jap, always a Jap. You can’t any more regenerate a Jap than you can reverse the laws of nature” (Gesensway & Roseman, 1987, p. 17) .  \nPresident Franklin Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 on February 19, 1942, which gave mil","cbCaimueVEUk3bAv","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimueVEUk3bAv","pdf",219282,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n# Literature Review\n## History of Japanese-American Internment\n## Traumatic Experience and Racial Profiling","[{\"question\":\"What research method was used in the study?\",\"answer\":\"The study used qualitative research combining in-depth interviews with art-making and poetry-based recall to explore participants’ experiences of internment.\"},{\"question\":\"How many participants created art images, and what was the purpose?\",\"answer\":\"Three of the six participants created art images to enhance memories and evoke emotion connected to their internment experiences.\"},{\"question\":\"What major themes did the authors identify from the data?\",\"answer\":\"Seven themes were identified: stressful camp living conditions, art and creativity for survival, loss and deprivation, separation of family and community ties, disruption of identity, resilience and reaffirmation of values, and the need for legacy and social justice.\"}]","Image Making and Personal Narratives with Japanese-American Survivors of World War II Internment Camps | PDF",1792073934]