[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-124433-en":3,"doc-seo-124433-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},124433,687197207919,"Theodora","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/a000253d6f5f7c60be?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779446848396160552",8,"Research & Report","Identifying the dialectal background of American Finnish speakers using a supervised machine-learning model","This study uses supervised machine-learning models to analyze individual Finnish speakers’ dialectal backgrounds. Interview data from heritage speakers of Finnish in northern Wisconsin are compared with data from the Finnish Dialect Syntax Archive. Two experiments were conducted: models were built, validated, and then applied to identify the dialectal background of five American Finnish speakers. Results reveal substantial individual variation and show some alignment with speakers’ likely language input. The method provides a new tool for studying dialectal background in language-contact settings.","Nordic Journal of Linguistics (2023), page 1 of 25 doi:10.1017/S0332586523000057  \nARTICLE  \nIdentifying the dialectal background of American Finnish speakers using a supervised machine-learning model  \nIlmari Ivaska 1, Mirva Johnson2 and Tommi Kurki 1  \n1Department of Finnish and Finno-Ugric Languages, University of Turku, 20014, Finland and 2Department of German, Nordic, and Slavic+, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA Corresponding author: Ilmari Ivaska; Email: [ilmari.ivaska@utu.fi](ilmari.ivaska@utu.fi)  \n(Received 11 August 2022; revised 19 April 2023; accepted 5 May 2023)  \nAbstract  \nThis study presents results of two experiments using supervised machine-learning models to examine individual Finnish speakers’ dialectal backgrounds. Data come from interviews conducted with heritage speakers of Finnish in northern Wisconsin and are compared to data from the Finnish Dialect Syntax Archive. The models were constructed and then, following successful validation testing, used to identify the dialectal background of five individual American Finnish speakers. Results showed individual variation in dialectal backgrounds and some correlation to speakers’ likely language input. Our approach offers a new methodological tool for examining speakers’ dialectal backgrounds in situations of language contact.  \nKeywords: dialect; Finnish; heritage language; language contact; supervised machine-learning  \n1. Introduction  \nAmerican Finnish developed as a contact variety with English after people migrated from Finland to North America in the early twentieth century, and as their descendants acquired Finnish as a heritage language. Earlier research suggests that the dialectal background of speakers’ parents or grandparents is often identifiable in their Finnish, though their speech still recognizably differs from Finnish spoken in Finland (Jönsson-Korhola & Lindgren 2003:408–409) . The concept of a base dialect from which an immigrant language later develops after individuals migrate is difficult to establish due to the number of variables involved, including potential for varied input across a range of registers and dialects. Studies of moribund heritage language speaking groups, or groups in the final generation of transmission, often make comparisons between the region from which a community’s original settlers emigrated and the dialect common in the region at the time (Bousquette & Putnam 2020:202) . Some studies have examined the extent to which specific dialect features  \n© The Author(s), 2023 . Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nordic Association of Linguists. This isan Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence ([http://creativecommons](http://creativecommons). org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.  \n[https://doi.org/10.1017/S0332586523000057](https://doi.org/10.1017/S0332586523000057) Published online by Cambridge University Press  \n2 Ilmari Ivaska, Mirva Johnson & Tommi Kurki  \nendure in the speech of later generation heritage speakers of German (Litty, Evans & Salmons 2015), Norwegian (Hjelde 2015), and Spanish (Otheguy, Zentella & Livert 2007), and suggest that in some instances dialectal variation and language change interact with the regional English, resulting in regionally distinctive minority language dialects. However, there are still difficulties in determining the base dialect from which these new varieties develop, in the same way that researchers face challenges identifying homeland language varieties to use as baselines for comparison in the study of heritage languages (Polinsky 2018:10–17) . This study offers both initial analysis of data from heritage speakers of Finnish, as well as another tool for approaching the question of how to identify an individual speaker’s dialectal background. This methodology can be used and built ","cbCaieftYPUZ7pxM","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaieftYPUZ7pxM","pdf",1014177,1,25,"English","en",105,"# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Background and motivation\n## Research questions and experiments","[{\"question\":\"What data sources are used to study American Finnish dialectal backgrounds?\",\"answer\":\"The study uses interviews with heritage speakers of Finnish in northern Wisconsin and compares them with materials from the Finnish Dialect Syntax Archive.\"},{\"question\":\"How do the supervised machine-learning models contribute to the analysis?\",\"answer\":\"Models are constructed and validated, then used to identify the dialectal background of five individual American Finnish speakers by comparing multiple linguistic features.\"},{\"question\":\"What do the results show about individual dialectal background variation?\",\"answer\":\"The findings indicate notable individual differences in dialectal background and suggest some correlation with each speaker’s likely language input.\"}]","Identifying the dialectal background of American Finnish speakers using a supervised machine-learning model | 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data sources are used to study American Finnish dialectal backgrounds?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"The study uses interviews with heritage speakers of Finnish in northern Wisconsin and compares them with materials from the Finnish Dialect Syntax Archive.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How do the supervised machine-learning models contribute to the analysis?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"Models are constructed and validated, then used to identify the dialectal background of five individual American Finnish speakers by comparing multiple linguistic features.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What do the results show about individual dialectal background variation?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"The findings indicate notable individual differences in dialectal background and suggest some correlation with each speaker’s likely language 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