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Using domain characterization, comparative genomics, and coregulation analysis, three SM biosynthesis pathways were identified, including a tryptoquialanine (TQA) pathway upregulated during infection. A tqaA knockout mutant confirmed tqaA’s role in TQA production, while TQA showed no significant involvement in pathogen–host interaction.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/identification-of-secondary-metabolite-biosynthetic-gene-clusters-associated-with-infection-of-citrus-fruit-by-penicillium-digitatum-article-abstract/142950/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/identification-of-secondary-metabolite-biosynthetic-gene-clusters-associated-with-infection-of-citrus-fruit-by-penicillium-digitatum-article-abstract/142950.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Jiven","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-05","2026-08-25",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",14,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What problem does the study address about Penicillium digitatum?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"It addresses the lack of clear understanding of secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathways and their biological roles during citrus infection and decay development.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How were the secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters identified?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Three SM biosynthesis pathways were identified through domain characterization, comparative genomics, and coregulation analysis.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What did the tqaA gene knockout reveal?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The knockout mutant showed that the tqaA gene is involved in TQA production, but there was no significant difference from the wild type in growth, stress responses, or pathogenicity.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},142950,1787691878,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":24,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},1099513958607,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002390cf8733938c?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1778829742770036399","Postharvest Biology and Technology 134 (2017) 17–21  \nContents lists available at ScienceDirect  \nPostharvest Biology and Technology  \njournal [homepage:](homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/postharv bio)[ www.elsevier.com/locate/postharv bio](homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/postharv bio)  \n| Identification of secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters associated with the infection of citrus fruit by Penicillium digitatum |  | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Congyi Zhua,b,1, Donglai Shengc,d, 1, Xiaodan Wue, Mingshuang Wanga, Xu Huc,d, Hongye Lia,⁎⁎, Dongliang Yuc,d,⁎\u003Cbr>a Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China\u003Cbr>b Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China\u003Cbr>c Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China d Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China e Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China |  |  |\n| A R T I C L E I N F O | A B S T R A C T\u003Cbr>Penicillium digitatum is one of the primary cause agents of postharvest loss of citrus fruits. Although a number of the secondary metabolites (SMs) that it produces have been identified, their biosynthesis pathways and biological roles in infection and decay development have not been fully characterized to date. In the present study, three SM biosynthesis pathways were identified using domain characterization, comparative genomics and coregulation analysis. These pathways include the tryptoquialanines (TQA) biosynthesis pathway that was upregulated during fruit infection. Subsequently, a gene knockout mutant was constructed, which revealed that the tqaA gene was involved in TQA production in P. digitatum. However, no significant variation was detected between the non-TQA mutant and the wild-type strain in fungal growth, development, stress responses or pathogenicity. In summary, this study improved the annotation of three SM biosynthesis pathways possibly involved in the infection of citrus hosts by P. digitatum. However, further investigation revealed that one of the products, TQA, was not involved in the interaction between P. digitatum and their citrus hosts. |  |\n| Keywords:\u003Cbr>Citrus green mold Secondary metabolites Genomic synteny Pathogen-host interaction |  |  |\n\n1. Introduction  \nFungi generate a wide range of secondary metabolites (SMs) and are one of the main reservoirs of natural products. Fungal SMs, such as alkaloids, terpenoids and glycosides, are not commonly required for normal fungal growth or development but are of great importance in the production of drugs, such as anticancer and anti-infective agents (Newman and Cragg, 2012), whereas certain fungal SMs are potential threats to human and animal health (e.g., aflatoxin and patulin) (Rocha et al., 2014). Certain SMs produced by fungal phytopathogens are involved in the interaction between pathogens and hosts, such as AF-toxin (Alternaria alternata strawberry-pathotype toxin) and ACT-toxin (A. citri tangerine-pathotype toxin), generated by Alternaria species involved in host specificity, as well as deoxynivalenol and AAL-toxin (A. alternata f. sp. lycopersici toxin), which induce apoptosis of host cells (Gechev et al., 2004; Pestka, 2008; Akimitsu et al., 2014).  \nPenicillium digitatum is the main causative agent of green mold, which is responsible for approximately 90% of the postharvest loss of  \ncitrus fruit (Macarisin et al., 2007). Compared to other closely related Penicillium and Aspergillus species, P. digitatum produces a smaller number of SMs with known products, such as tryptoquialanines (TQA) and phenylalanine-proline diketopiperazine (Frisvad et al., 2004). The availability of this fungus’s genome sequence also facilitates the study of SM product profiles of P. digitatum by genome mining SM biosynthetic gene cluste","cbCaimtgxVzwPQeo","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimtgxVzwPQeo","pdf",468125,"English","# Introduction\n# Materials and methods\n## Fungal culture\n## RNA sequencing and data analysis","[{\"question\":\"What problem does the study address about Penicillium digitatum?\",\"answer\":\"It addresses the lack of clear understanding of secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathways and their biological roles during citrus infection and decay development.\"},{\"question\":\"How were the secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters identified?\",\"answer\":\"Three SM biosynthesis pathways were identified through domain characterization, comparative genomics, and coregulation analysis.\"},{\"question\":\"What did the tqaA gene knockout reveal?\",\"answer\":\"The knockout mutant showed that the tqaA gene is involved in TQA production, but there was no significant difference from the wild type in growth, stress responses, or pathogenicity.\"}]","Identification of Secondary Metabolite Biosynthetic Gene Clusters Associated with Infection of Citrus Fruit by Penicillium digitatum - Article Abstract | PDF",13]