[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-119788-en":3,"doc-seo-119788-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},119788,962075006959,"Anda","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/e0002397efbe92a78e?_k=1776741047341049297",7,"Healthcare","Identification of Lungs Cancer by using Watershed Machine Learning Algorithm","Lung cancer is a fast-spreading, high-fatality disease whose late-stage diagnosis makes therapy more difficult. This study presents a machine learning framework that uses a convolutional neural network for reliable and precise classification from CT scan images. Early-stage benign and malignant tumors are processed through SIFT and watershed for feature extraction and segmentation. Class imbalance in medical data is addressed via data augmentation, followed by CNN-based classification, including nodule identification in malignant lungs. The proposed approach achieves 0.97 accuracy.","VFAST Transactions on Software Engineering [http://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTSE@ 2023](http://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTSE@ 2023), ISSN(e): 2309-3978, ISSN(p): 2411-6246  \nVolume 11, Number 2, April-June 2023 pp:70-79  \nIdentification of Lungs Cancer by using Watershed Machine Learning Algorithm  \nRazia Parveen, Ujala Saleem, Kamran Abid and Naeem Aslam  \nDepartment of Computer Science, NFC Institute of Engineering and Technology, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan  \n*Corresponding author email: [raziarafiq34@gmail.com](raziarafiq34@gmail.com)  \nABSTRACT  \nThe most dangerous and quickly spreading form of cancer in the world is lung cancer. In terms offatalities among cancer diseases, it comes in first place, and therapy is made more challenging by late-stage diagnosis. Early identification and detection are crucial for treating this lethal condition, though. Benign and malignant tumors are the two forms that manifest in the early stages ofthis illness. These are visible with a computed tomography (CT) scan. Thanks to machine learning, these pictures can be used to determine the stages ofcancer. In this study, a machine learning framework is presented using the proposed convolutional neural network techniques in order to develop a reliable and precise classification model for the diagnosis of lung cancer and to address the problem of class imbalance datasets, a general problem in medical data that results in difficulties and mistakes in prediction. The data source for the investigation was the IQ-OTHNCCD dataset. Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) and Watershed were the best feature extraction methods employed in this work, which was provided as a segmentation method. A dataset imbalance is later resolved by data augmentation, and CNN is used to achieve classification. In the malignant lung image, we finally identify the nodule. An accuracy rate of0.97% is achieved with the proposed CNN-based classification of CT scan pictures.  \nKEYWORDS  \nMachine Learning, Watershed Method, Computer Tomography, Convolutional Neural Network, Scale Invariant Feature Transform  \nJOURNAL INFO  \nHISTORY: Received:April 17, 2023 Accepted: June 18, 2023 Published: June 23, 2023  \nINTRODUCTION  \nToday, cancer is also acknowledged as a fatal condition that kills people all over the world. A lethal condition known as cancer can develop in human cells. Everyday, the body contains more cancerous cells. There are many kinds of cancer that occurs in the human body such as cancer of liver, stomach, lung, prostate, colorectum and breast cancer, etc. Metastatic cancer is a type of cancer that has spread from where it first started to other places in the body. Metastasis is the process by which cancer cells disseminate to various locations on the body. It is generally caused by a change in genes, such as a mutation in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that differs from normal tissues. Non-small cell lung cancer, commonly referred to asNSCLC and small-cell lung are both of the main kinds. Among the most well-known symptoms and warning indications include chest pain, fatigue, weight loss, and a bloody cough. In 85% of cases, smoking cigarettes regularly leads to the development of lung cancer. In 10-15% of cases, nonsmokers are implicated[1] . In most cases, a trio of genetic risk factors, radon gas exposure, asbestos exposure, secondhand smoke exposure, or other air pollution exposure causes these incidents. Chest radiography and computed tomography (CT) scans can both identify lung cancer. The biopsy, usually carried out with bronchoscopy or CT guidance, verifies the findings[2] . There are many kinds of cancer that occurs in the human body such as can cancer of liver, stomach, lung, prostate, colorectum and breast cancer, etc. Using population-based cancer information, the  \nAmerican Cancer Society determines a yearly forecast of the number ofnew cases of cancer and cancer-related fatalities in the US. In the United States, it is anticipated that there will b","cbCaitpGrSzRZ8FM","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitpGrSzRZ8FM","pdf",574856,1,10,"English","en",105,"# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# Introduction\n## Background of lung cancer and risk factors\n## Imaging, diagnosis, and existing methods","[{\"question\":\"Why is early identification of lung cancer critical?\",\"answer\":\"Early identification improves treatment prospects because late-stage diagnosis makes therapy harder. The study emphasizes the need for reliable detection when tumors are still distinguishable on CT images.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the proposed method process CT scan images?\",\"answer\":\"It uses SIFT and watershed for feature extraction and segmentation, then applies CNN for classification. The malignant lung analysis also identifies the nodule.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the study handle class imbalance in medical datasets?\",\"answer\":\"The method resolves dataset imbalance using data augmentation before training the CNN classifier, aiming to reduce prediction errors caused by uneven class distributions.\"}]","Identification of Lungs Cancer by using Watershed Machine Learning Algorithm | PDF",1785726312,25,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"identification-of-lungs-cancer-by-using-watershed-machine-learning-algorithm","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,54,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/identification-of-lungs-cancer-by-using-watershed-machine-learning-algorithm/119788/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-03",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"Why is early identification of lung cancer critical?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"Early identification improves treatment prospects because late-stage diagnosis makes therapy harder. The study emphasizes the need for reliable detection when tumors are still distinguishable on CT images.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How does the proposed method process CT scan images?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"It uses SIFT and watershed for feature extraction and segmentation, then applies CNN for classification. The malignant lung analysis also identifies the nodule.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"How does the study handle class imbalance in medical datasets?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"The method resolves dataset imbalance using data augmentation before training the CNN classifier, aiming to reduce prediction errors caused by uneven class distributions.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,118,123,128,131,134],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":116,"slug":117},40,"healthcare",{"id":119,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":132,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":133},"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":135,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":137},19,"General","general"]