[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-114777-en":3,"doc-seo-114777-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":90},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},114777,13056703019662,"Evangeline","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/be000253a8e92610077?_k=1778726343310543188",8,"Research & Report","Idealization in Epistemology - A Modest Modeling Approach","Idealization in Epistemology: A Modest Modeling Approach develops a structured view of how idealized models function within epistemology. It argues that epistemologists’ common practice of building idealized representations has significant metaepistemological consequences, and it outlines methods for modest modeling. The work advances connections to possible worlds, addresses issues of certainty and undercutting, and explores belief, credence, inter-level coherence, and modeling common knowledge within both ideal and non-ideal epistemology.","Idealization in Epistemology  \nIdealization in Epistemology  \nA Modest Modeling Approach  \nDANIEL GRECO  \nGreat Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,  \nUnited Kingdom  \nOxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries  \n© Daniel Greco 2023  \nThe moral rights of the author have been asserted  \nAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored ina retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above  \nYou must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer  \nPublished in the United States of America by Oxford University Press  \n198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available  \nLibrary of Congress Control Number: 2023931431  \nISBN 978–0–19–886055–6  \nDOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198860556.001.0001 Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY  \nLinks to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work.  \nContents  \nIntroduction 1  \n1. Idealization and Modeling 6  \n2. Modest Modeling 20  \n3. Modeling with Possible Worlds 40  \n4. Certainty and Undercutting 73  \n5. Belief and Credence 98  \n6. Inter-Level Coherence 117  \n7. Modeling Common Knowledge 143  \n8. Ideal and Non-Ideal Epistemology 170  \nBibliography 177  \nIndex 187  \nAcknowledgments  \nI am extremely grateful to the many friends and colleagues with whom I’ve discussed the ideas in this book, some of whom read substantial portions of it in draft. I would like to thank Bob Beddor, Sam Bertsler, Ray Briggs, Jennifer Carr, David Chalmers, Tim Crane, Robin Dembroff, Kevin Dorst, Kenny Easwaran, Simon Goldstein, Ned Hall, Verity Harte, Sophie Horowitz, Harvey Lederman, Anna-Sara Malmgren, Alex Meehan, Laurie Paul, Agustín Rayo, Miriam Schoenfield, Declan Smithies, Jack Spencer, Jason Stanley, Scott Sturgeon, Zoltán Gendler Szabó, Roger White, Robbie Williams, Tim Williamson, Seth Yalcin, and especially Brian Hedden, who gave me extensive comments on an initial complete draft and then a rewritten one. Thanks also to two referees from Oxford University Press for their insightful and detailed comments. And thanks to Paul Forrester for insightful substantive comments, and for catching an embarrassingly large number of typographical errors.  \nI presented material from this book at a number of conferences and universities. Thanks to audiences at the 2019 Epistemology Workshop at the National University of Singapore, the 2019 Goethe Epistemology Meeting atthe University of Frankfurt, the 2019 Evidence and Knowledge Workshop atthe University of Glasgow, the 2020 Ranch Metaphysics Conference, the 2022 Central Division meeting of the APA, the 2021 Ideal and Non-Ideal Epistemology virtual seminar series, the 2022 Northeast Normativity Workshop, the University of Cologne, Rutgers University, and the University of Stanford.  \nThanks to the members of PHIL 762: Idealization and Model-Building in Science and Philosophy, who gave me extremely helpful feedback on some early draft material.  \nThanks especially to Kareem Khalifa, Dan Singer, and Bob Stalnaker, who gave me invaluable comments at a manuscript workshop hosted by Yale University (thanks to Yale too.)  \nI am grateful for permission to use material origina","cbCaigXDsLBt3JSY","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigXDsLBt3JSY","pdf",3102644,1,205,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## 1. 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This framing guides how epistemic structures are represented and evaluated.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the book connect modeling to possible worlds?\",\"answer\":\"One chapter is devoted to “Modeling with Possible Worlds,” using modal-style frameworks to support epistemic reasoning. The approach links idealized representation to ways of assessing possibilities.\"}]",1785403625,517,{"code":4,"msg":30,"data":31},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":32,"title":13,"keywords":33,"description":14,"schema_data":34,"social_meta":85,"head_meta":87,"extra_data":89,"updated_unix":27},"idealization-in-epistemology-a-modest-modeling-approach","",{"@graph":35,"@context":84},[36,53,67],{"@type":37,"itemListElement":38},"BreadcrumbList",[39,43,47,50],{"item":40,"name":41,"@type":42,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":44,"name":45,"@type":42,"position":46},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":42,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":42,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/idealization-in-epistemology-a-modest-modeling-approach/114777/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":61,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":62,"interactionStatistic":63},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":40,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-30",true,{"@type":64,"interactionType":65,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":66},"ViewAction",{"@type":68,"mainEntity":69},"FAQPage",[70,76,80],{"name":71,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":73},"Why does the book emphasize idealization in epistemology?","Question",{"text":74,"@type":75},"It treats idealization as a ubiquitous philosophical and everyday practice, then narrows focus to epistemology. 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