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It considers internet usage, retail e-commerce, fixed and mobile broadband penetration, and connectivity costs as key GDP-linked components. Findings show remittances and affordable mobile costs significantly influence economic outcomes. Fixed broadband and investment support lower-income ASEAN countries, while impacts differ for fixed broadband and mobile subscriptions. Fintech and institutional quality indicate notable challenges, and the analysis highlights non-linear, income-differentiated effects.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/ict-infrastructure-economic-growth-and-asean-income-heterogeneity-a-panel-analysis/648559/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/ict-infrastructure-economic-growth-and-asean-income-heterogeneity-a-panel-analysis/648559.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"วิน","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-25","2026-10-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the core research question of the study?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"How different kinds of digital technologies affect the ASEAN economy (RQ1).","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which ICT infrastructure-related factors are examined?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Internet usage, retail e-commerce, fixed and mobile broadband penetration, and connectivity costs are treated as essential components linked to GDP and economic performance.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Do the effects of ICT infrastructure differ by income group and technology type?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Yes. Fixed broadband and investment more strongly support lower-income ASEAN countries, while the effects of fixed broadband and mobile subscriptions vary; digital infrastructure and services also show significantly different economic implications across low-, middle-, and high-income ASEAN countries.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},648559,1792941471,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},2336475104736,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/22000c4c5e0e5b17e70?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1786591360781797222","Asian-Pacific Economic Literature  \nORIGINAL ARTICLE  \nICT Infrastructure, Economic Growth and ASEAN Income Heterogeneity: A Panel Analysis  \nSenadjki Abdelhak1 | Hui Nee AuYong1  | Rita Yi Man Li2  | Iddrisu Mohammed Awal3  \n1Department of Economics, Teh Hong Piow Faculty of Business and Finance, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia | 2Department of Economics and Finance, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, North Point, Hong Kong | 3Department of Business Studies, Crystal Galaxy University-College, Accra, Ghana  \nCorrespondence: Hui Nee AuYong ([auyonghn@utar.edu.my](auyonghn@utar.edu.my))  \nReceived: 2 October 2023 | Revised: 7 April 2026 | Accepted: 14 August 2026  \nKeywords: ASEAN | digital divide | digitalisation | economic growth | ICT infrastructure | income heterogeneity  \nABSTRACT  \nThis study examines the impact of information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure on ASEAN economies, filling a research gap. It sheds light on ICT infrastructures, including internet usage, retail e-commerce, fixed and mobile broadband penetration, and connectivity costs as an essential component of GDP. The results conclude that remittances and affordable mobile costs have a significant impact on the economy. While fixed broadband and investment strongly support the economies of lower-income ASEAN countries, the effects of fixed broadband and mobile subscriptions vary. However, fintech and institutional quality variables reveal significant challenges. Regarding theoretical contribution, this study addresses this non-linear relationship by developing a framework that explores how ICT infrastructure influences economic performance in an emerging setting. In terms of empirical contribution, this study highlights that the economic implications of digital infrastructure and services differ significantly across low-, middle-, and high-income ASEAN countries. More importantly, it fills a gap in region-specific analysis by accommodating the diversity of ASEAN economies. Concerning policy contribution, the importance of income-sensitive digital policies is highlighted. Implementing inclusive initiatives to enhance regional ICT infrastructure collaboration, reduce the digital divide between privileged and underprivileged social groups, and help ASEAN countries fulfil the Digital Masterplan.  \n1 | Introduction  \nInformation and communication technologies have been used for business-to-business, business-to-consumer, and businessto-government transactions and procedures across the pre-sale, sale, and after-sale stages of business (Tongzonand Nguyen 2013) . While Freeman and others suggest that technological innovation and the resulting industrial transformations are the main drivers of economic growth (Gao, Hua, Randhawa, et al. 2024), the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries are undergoing digital transformation, driven by rising internet penetration, smartphone use, and government initiatives. The region is the world's fastest-expanding World Wide Web market, with an average of 125,000 new users per day. This is expected  \nto significantly boost the ASEAN digital economy. It is forecast to contribute an additional USD$1 trillion to the region's GDP over the next decade. ASEAN has implemented related policies to realise the AEC Blueprint 2025, the e-ASEAN Framework Agreement, the ASEAN Digital Economy Framework Agreement, and the Masterplan on ASEAN Connectivity 2025 (Wu and Ho 2025) . Against this backdrop, research on 8633 firms in Central and Eastern economies, using a logistic model, finds that digitalisation is associated with declines in liquidity and overdue financial issues (Haini et al. 2023) .  \nThus, this research aims to contribute to academic scholarship by studying how the factors of digital transformation impact ASEAN's economic growth to answer the research question:  \n© 2026 Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.  \nAll","cbCaih2ywVwbYZx4","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaih2ywVwbYZx4","pdf",425813,21,"English","# Introduction\n# Literature Review\n## Digital Transformation in the ASEAN Region\n## Diminishing Returns to Digitalisation","[{\"question\":\"What is the core research question of the study?\",\"answer\":\"How different kinds of digital technologies affect the ASEAN economy (RQ1).\"},{\"question\":\"Which ICT infrastructure-related factors are examined?\",\"answer\":\"Internet usage, retail e-commerce, fixed and mobile broadband penetration, and connectivity costs are treated as essential components linked to GDP and economic performance.\"},{\"question\":\"Do the effects of ICT infrastructure differ by income group and technology type?\",\"answer\":\"Yes. Fixed broadband and investment more strongly support lower-income ASEAN countries, while the effects of fixed broadband and mobile subscriptions vary; digital infrastructure and services also show significantly different economic implications across low-, middle-, and high-income ASEAN countries.\"}]","ICT Infrastructure, Economic Growth and ASEAN Income Heterogeneity - A Panel Analysis | PDF",1792794041,53]