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While often asymptomatic, it can manifest as paresthesia, areflexia, and ascending paralysis in more severe cases, potentially leading to respiratory hypoventilation. Causes are broadly categorized into redistribution of potassium, increased intake, and renal retention. Renal retention can stem from acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney disease (CKD), tubular transport defects, certain drugs (amiloride, spironolactone), or Addison's disease. Other contributing factors include drugs like NSAIDs, ACE inhibitors, and beta-blockers, acidosis, and increased dietary or intravenous intake, as well as rhabdomyolysis or hemolysis. Diagnosis involves serum potassium levels, renal function tests (RFT), bicarbonate levels, and electrocardiogram (ECG). ECG findings can range from T-wave peaking and decreased amplitude to prolonged PR intervals, widened QRS complexes, and sine wave patterns, potentially progressing to AV block, ventricular fibrillation, and asystole. Management strategies depend on symptom severity, ECG changes, and acuity. Acute management involves antagonizing membrane effects with calcium, facilitating cellular uptake with insulin, B2 adrenergic agonists, and acid-base correction, alongside potassium removal through sodium polystyrene sulfonate, calcium polystyrene sulfonate, or hemodialysis. Chronic management focuses on renal removal using furosemide, aldosterone deficiency treatment with fludrocortisones, and gastrointestinal removal via cation-exchange resins. Novel potassium binders like patiromer or sodium zirconium cyclosilicate offer better tolerability. Dialysis is reserved for renal failure or life-threatening hyperkalemia unresponsive to other therapies.",{"@graph":69,"@context":105},[70,84],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/hyperkalemia/26672/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/hyperkalemia/26672.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Asher","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-19","2026-05-08",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction","https://schema.org",{"og:url":107,"og:type":108,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/hyperkalemia/26672","article",{"robots":110,"canonical":107},"index,follow",{"doc_id":112,"site_id":62},26672,1778199391,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":115},{"doc_id":112,"user_id":116,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":117,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":66,"file_id":118,"file_url":119,"file_type":120,"file_size":121,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":8,"language":122,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":66,"faqs":66,"seo_title":123,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":113,"read_time":81},687197207639,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","cbCaidH5RLF9BRtm","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidH5RLF9BRtm","pdf",272413,"English","Hyperkalemia | PDF"]