[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-420488-105":59,"doc-detail-420488-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","hyperglycemia-in-critically-ill-patients-current-approaches-and-management-strategies","Hyperglycemia in Critically Ill Patients: Current Approaches and Management Strategies","","Hyperglycemia is commonly observed in critically ill patients and is linked to poorer outcomes, including higher morbidity and mortality. It may reflect pre-existing diabetes mellitus or arise during hospitalization as stress hyperglycemia. This review synthesizes international evidence to outline implications, pathophysiology, monitoring options, and current treatment protocols, emphasizing glycemic variability, individualized management, and emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence-driven biosensors. Hyperglycemia definitions and monitoring methods are summarized, with attention to complication prevention.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/hyperglycemia-in-critically-ill-patients-current-approaches-and-management-strategies/420488/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/hyperglycemia-in-critically-ill-patients-current-approaches-and-management-strategies/420488.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"ahduag","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What are the main reasons hyperglycemia occurs in critically ill patients?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Hyperglycemia may be pre-existing due to diabetes mellitus or develop during hospitalization as stress hyperglycemia, driven by hormonal imbalance, inflammatory responses, and increased stress hormone secretion.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How is hyperglycemia defined in this review?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Hyperglycemia is defined as blood glucose exceeding 7.0 mmol/L before admission or surpassing 10.0 mmol/L two hours postprandial.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Why is glycemic monitoring and individualized management important?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Hyperglycemia increases mortality and complications, and affects immune function and oxidative stress. The review emphasizes maintaining appropriate target ranges, monitoring carefully for risks such as hypoglycemia, and tailoring management to patient factors.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},420488,1791101374,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},3985747870414,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","doi: 10.21873/invivo.14223  \nReview  \nHyperglycemia in Critically Ill Patients: Current Approaches and Management Strategies  \nMĂDĂLINA DIANA DAINA1, COSMIN MIHAI VESA2, TIMEA CLAUDIA GHITEA3, CAMELIA FLORINA IOVA4, MIHAELA GABRIELA BONȚEA4, FEHÉR LÁSZLÓ5 and CRISTIAN MARIUS DAINA6  \n1 Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania; 2 Preclinical Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy,  \nUniversity of Oradea, Oradea, Romania;  \n3 Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania; 4 Psycho‐Neurosciences and Recovery Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy,  \nUniversity of Oradea, Oradea, Romania;  \n5 Emergency Clinical Municipal Hospital Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania;  \n6 Department of Surgical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania  \nAbstract  \nHyperglycemia is frequently encountered in critically ill patients and is associated with adverse outcomes, including increased morbidity and mortality. It may be pre‑existing due to diabetes mellitus or develop during hospitalization as stress hyperglycemia. This review aims to raise awareness among medical staff regarding the implications of hyperglycemia in critically ill patients, its pathophysiology, monitoring techniques, and current treatment protocols. Therefore, evidence from the international literature is analyzed, with specialized journals serving as reference points, focusing on the impact of glycemic variability, individualized patient management, and emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence‑driven biosensors for glucose monitoring. Hyperglycemia is defined as a blood glucose level exceeding 7.0 mmol/l (125 mg/dl) before admission or surpassing 10.0 mmol/l (180 mg/dl) two hours postprandial. Monitoring can be conducted using arterial or capillary blood, continuous glucose monitoring systems, or artificial intelligence‑enhanced biosensors. Regardless of their diabetic status, patients present unique clinical features. Those with pre‑existing diabetes may experience hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, electrolyte imbalances, and dehydration, necessitating meticulous monitoring and intervention.  \nSpecial attention must be given to glycemic variability, maintaining levels between 3.8 and 10.0 mmol/l (70‑180 mg/dl), and timely interventions to prevent complications. Current treatment protocols prioritize intravenous insulin continued  \n✉  \nTimea Claudia Ghitea, Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 1 December Sq., 410081 Oradea, Romania. Tel: +40 723546427, e‑mail: [timea.ghitea@csud.uoradea.ro](timea.ghitea@csud.uoradea.ro)  \nReceived February 16, 2025 | Revised March 19, 2025 | Accepted April 1, 2025  \nThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.  \n©2026 The Author(s) . Anticancer Research is published by the International Institute of Anticancer Research.  \ninfusion based on multiple clinical studies on hyperglycemic intensive care unit (ICU) patients. To minimize complications, maintaining glucose levels between 6.1 and 10.0 mmol/l (110‑180 mg/dl) is recommended, balancing the risk of hypoglycemia. Hyperglycemia negatively impacts mortality due to systemic damage and the delayed detection of glucose dysregulation. This review underscores the necessity of personalized glycemic control strategies to improve patient outcomes in ICUs.  \nKeywords: Hyperglycemia, critical illness, intensive care, diabetes mellitus, glucose monitoring, stress hyperglycemia, review.  \nIntroduction  \nDiabetes mellitus (DM) significantly impacts hospitalization outcomes by increasing morbidity, mortality, and length of stay (1). Recent studies, particularly during the COV","cbCaigumhi2BFwnC","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigumhi2BFwnC","pdf",1776020,17,"English","# Introduction\n## Diabetes mellitus and hospitalization outcomes\n## Stress hyperglycemia in critically ill patients\n## Consequences and need for management","[{\"question\":\"What are the main reasons hyperglycemia occurs in critically ill patients?\",\"answer\":\"Hyperglycemia may be pre-existing due to diabetes mellitus or develop during hospitalization as stress hyperglycemia, driven by hormonal imbalance, inflammatory responses, and increased stress hormone secretion.\"},{\"question\":\"How is hyperglycemia defined in this review?\",\"answer\":\"Hyperglycemia is defined as blood glucose exceeding 7.0 mmol/L before admission or surpassing 10.0 mmol/L two hours postprandial.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is glycemic monitoring and individualized management important?\",\"answer\":\"Hyperglycemia increases mortality and complications, and affects immune function and oxidative stress. The review emphasizes maintaining appropriate target ranges, monitoring carefully for risks such as hypoglycemia, and tailoring management to patient factors.\"}]","Hyperglycemia in Critically Ill Patients: Current Approaches and Management Strategies | PDF",1790621145,43]