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The review concentrates on hypercalcemia in neoplasms, summarizing current diagnostic approaches and management strategies for hypercalcemia of malignancy, which affects over 40% of cancer patients and may signal developing disease.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/hypercalcemia-in-cancer-causes-effects-and-treatment-strategies/330873/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/hypercalcemia-in-cancer-causes-effects-and-treatment-strategies/330873.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Maeve","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",7,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What does the review say about the role of calcium in the body?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Calcium is described as essential for homeostasis and for regulating many cellular processes, including signaling, cell cycle control, differentiation, migration, and cell death. It also supports muscle contraction, membrane stabilization, enzyme activation, and blood clotting.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How is hypercalcemia defined in this article?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Hypercalcemia is defined as an increase in serum calcium in blood above the upper limit of the reference range (>10.4 mg/dL).",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What are the main causes and mechanisms of hypercalcemia in cancer?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"The article states that hypercalcemia is most frequently due to primary hyperparathyroidism and cancer, and that cancer can affect the balance between bone formation and resorption through systemic factors from the tumor and local effectors from metastatic cells. It highlights excessive production of parathyroid hormone-related peptides as a key tumor mechanism.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},330873,1790025433,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,109,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":108},40,"healthcare",{"id":110,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":111,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":55,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},5909877438554,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/5600025385ad2bf12a7?_k=1778553567797529272","cells  \nReview  \nHypercalcemia in Cancer: Causes, Effects, and Treatment Strategies  \nPatrycja Bartkiewicz 1,†,‡, Dominika Kunachowicz 2,†,‡, Michał Filipski 1,‡, Agata Stebel 1,‡, Julia Ligoda 1,‡ and Nina Rembiałkowska 3, *  \nCitation: Bartkiewicz, P.; Kunachowicz, D.; Filipski, M.; Stebel, A.; Ligoda, J.; Rembiałkowska, N. Hypercalcemia in Cancer: Causes, Effects, and Treatment Strategies. Cells 2024, 13, 1051 . [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)cells13121051  \nAcademic Editor: Bruno Constantin  \nReceived: 19 May 2024  \nRevised: 11 June 2024  \nAccepted: 15 June 2024  \nPublished: 18 June 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Pasteura 1, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; [patrycja.bartkiewicz@student.umw.edu.pl](patrycja.bartkiewicz@student.umw.edu.pl) (P.B.); [michal.filipski@student.umw.edu.pl](michal.filipski@student.umw.edu.pl) (M.F.); [agata.stebel@student.umw.edu.pl](agata.stebel@student.umw.edu.pl) (A.S.); [julia.ligoda@student.umw.edu.pl](julia.ligoda@student.umw.edu.pl) (J.L.)  \n2 Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211 A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; [dominika.kunachowicz@student.umw.edu.pl](dominika.kunachowicz@student.umw.edu.pl)  \n3 Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211 A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland  \n* [Correspondence: nina.rembialkowska@umw.edu.pl](Correspondence: nina.rembialkowska@umw.edu.pl)  \n† These authors contributed equally to this work and share first authorship.  \n‡ The Students’ Research Group, SKN No. 148.  \nAbstract: Calcium plays central roles in numerous biological processes, thereby, its levels in the blood are under strict control to maintain homeostatic balance and enable the proper functioning of living organisms. The regulatory mechanisms ensuring this balance can be affected by pathologies such as cancer, and as a result, hyper-or hypocalcemia can occur. These states, characterized by elevated or decreased calcium blood levels, respectively, have a significant effect on general homeostasis. This article focuses on a particular form of calcium metabolism disorder, which is hypercalcemia in neoplasms. It also constitutes a summary of the current knowledge regarding the diagnosis of hypercalcemia and its management. Hypercalcemia of malignancy is estimated to affect over 40% of cancer patients and can be associated with both solid and blood cancers. Elevated calcium levels can be an indicator of developing cancer. The main mechanism of hypercalcemia development in tumors appears to be excessive production of parathyroid hormone-related peptides. Among the known treatment methods, bisphosphonates, calcitonin, steroids, and denosumab should be mentioned, but ongoing research promotes progress in pharmacotherapy. Given the rising global cancer prevalence, the problem of hypercalcemia is of high importance and requires attention.  \nKeywords: hypercalcemia; intracellular calcium signaling; tumor-induced hypercalcemia; calciumsensing receptor; parathyroid hormone-related peptide; PTHrP and CaSR receptors  \n1. Introduction  \nCalcium is essential for maintaining physiological balance in organisms, regulating various vital functions crucial for homeostasis. Its levels are tightly controlled by hormonal systems like parathyroid hormone and calcitonin, ensuring optimal concentrations in the blood. Calcium serves as a critical second messenger in cells, regulating key biological processes such as cell cycle, differentiation, migration, and cell death. Additionally, it play","cbCaiv8IWJTJUYbn","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiv8IWJTJUYbn","pdf",831516,17,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# 1. Introduction\n# 2. Definition of the Problem","[{\"question\":\"What does the review say about the role of calcium in the body?\",\"answer\":\"Calcium is described as essential for homeostasis and for regulating many cellular processes, including signaling, cell cycle control, differentiation, migration, and cell death. It also supports muscle contraction, membrane stabilization, enzyme activation, and blood clotting.\"},{\"question\":\"How is hypercalcemia defined in this article?\",\"answer\":\"Hypercalcemia is defined as an increase in serum calcium in blood above the upper limit of the reference range (\\u003e10.4 mg/dL).\"},{\"question\":\"What are the main causes and mechanisms of hypercalcemia in cancer?\",\"answer\":\"The article states that hypercalcemia is most frequently due to primary hyperparathyroidism and cancer, and that cancer can affect the balance between bone formation and resorption through systemic factors from the tumor and local effectors from metastatic cells. It highlights excessive production of parathyroid hormone-related peptides as a key tumor mechanism.\"}]","Hypercalcemia in Cancer: Causes, Effects, and Treatment Strategies | PDF",1789990596,43]