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This retrospective study evaluated immunohistochemical markers to improve diagnostic precision and address limitations of existing molecular approaches. It analyzed 64 cases of HMs and hydropic abortions, supplementing routine histology with p57, Ki-67, β-hCG, and E-cadherin, using semiquantitative immunoscores.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/hydatidiform-moles-the-contribution-of-ancillary-techniques-in-refining-their-histopathological-diagnosis/462260/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/hydatidiform-moles-the-contribution-of-ancillary-techniques-in-refining-their-histopathological-diagnosis/462260.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"\tCallum ","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-06","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What problem does the article address in diagnosing hydatidiform moles?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It addresses the difficulty of distinguishing hydatidiform moles from non-molar pregnancies and of separating complete moles from partial moles when morphological features overlap and misclassification rates are high.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which immunohistochemical markers were used to refine the histopathological diagnosis?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The study used immunohistochemistry with p57, Ki-67, β-hCG, and E-cadherin, with semiquantitative immunoscores applied to support interpretation.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does the article suggest ancillary techniques improve diagnostic accuracy?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It concludes that morphology alone is insufficient, and that ancillary approaches such as p57 IHC and DNA genotyping reveal genetic patterns that help differentiate complete and partial moles and non-molar specimens, reducing interobserver variability.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},462260,1791094261,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},137451211410,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/2000bb0a9246f588df?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1786362646172706240","Article  \nHydatidiform Moles: The Contribution of Ancillary Techniques in Refining Their Histopathological Diagnosis  \nTeodora Ana Balan 1, Raluca Anca Balan 1,2, *, Cornelia Amalinei 1,3, Simona Eliza Gius, c˘a 1,4 and Irina-Draga C˘aruntu 1,4,5  \nAcademic Editor: Dariusz Szukiewicz  \nReceived: 20 November 2025  \nRevised: 17 December 2025  \nAccepted: 19 December 2025  \nPublished: 23 December 2025  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Department of Morphofunctional Sciences I, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; [balan.teodora-ana@d.umfiasi.ro](balan.teodora-ana@d.umfiasi.ro) (T.A.B.);  \ncornelia.amalinei@umfiasi.ro (C.A.); simonaelizagiusca@gmail.com (S.E.G.); irina.caruntu@umfiasi.ro (I.-D.C.)  \n2 Pathology Department,“Elena Doamna” Clinical Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 49 Elena Doamna Street, 700398 Iasi, Romania  \n3 Pathology Department, Institute of Forensic Medicine, 700455 Iasi, Romania  \n4 Pathology Department,“Dr. C. I. Parhon” Clinical Hospital, 50 Carol I Boulevard, 700503 Iasi, Romania  \n5 Romanian Medical Science Academy, 1 I. C. Bratianu Boulevard, 030171 Bucharest, Romania  \n* [Correspondence: raluca.balan@umfiasi.ro](Correspondence: raluca.balan@umfiasi.ro)  \nAbstract  \nA hydatidiform mole (HM) is the most common form of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) . Differentiating hydatidiform moles (HMs) from non-molar pregnancies and distinguishing complete HMs (CHMs) from partial HMs (PHMs) remains challenging due to overlapping morphological features and a high rate of misclassification. This study aimed to evaluate reliable immunohistochemical markers for improving diagnostic accuracy and addressing the limitations of current molecular techniques. We retrospectively analyzed 64 cases of HMs and hydropic abortions (HAs), diagnosed in women aged 17–36 years between 2010 and 2024, at the Pathology Department of “Elena Doamna” Clinical Hospital, Ias, i, Romania. Routine histology was supplemented with immunohistochemistry (IHC) using p57, Ki-67, β-hCG, and E-cadherin, with semiquantitative immunoscores applied. Histology revealed 38 PHMs (59.37%), 16 CHMs (23.88%), and 10 HAs (15.62%) . p57 was positive in 100% of PHMs and HAs but only in 18% of CHMs. Ki-67 expression was predominantly strong in CHMs, variable in PHMs, and weak in all HAs. β-hCG showed the highest expression in CHMs, followed by PHMs and HAs, while E-cadherin was strongest in HAs. Morphological features alone are insufficient for HM diagnosis; thus, ancillary techniques like p57 IHC and DNA genotyping are crucial to differentiate complete, partial moles, and non-molar specimens by revealing unique genetic patterns, especially p57 absence in CHMs and ploidy/parental origin in PHMs. In this context, an algorithmic approach integrating histology, immunohistochemistry, and genotyping reduces interobserver variability and refines diagnostic precision.  \nKeywords: hydatidiform moles; immunohistochemistry; gestational trophoblastic disease  \n1. Introduction  \nGestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a group of tumors originating from the placenta, with the most common type being the hydatidiform mole [1] . Its main etiological factors involve maternal age, ethnicity, and genetic aspects [1] . However, the etiology of gestational trophoblastic tumors arising from a normal pregnancy is practically still unknown [1] .  \nHydatidiform moles (HMs) are a gestational complication, occurring in approximately 0.5 to 1 per 1000 pregnancies in Western countries, being significantly more common in the Far East, affecting 10–12 per 1000 pregnancies in countries like Indonesia and India [1,2] . In the Egyptian population, the incidence of GTD is 6.6 per 1000 live births, a rate notably higher than that seen in Western popu","cbCaiuZP3rBhU25b","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiuZP3rBhU25b","pdf",4493619,18,"English","# Abstract\n# 1. Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What problem does the article address in diagnosing hydatidiform moles?\",\"answer\":\"It addresses the difficulty of distinguishing hydatidiform moles from non-molar pregnancies and of separating complete moles from partial moles when morphological features overlap and misclassification rates are high.\"},{\"question\":\"Which immunohistochemical markers were used to refine the histopathological diagnosis?\",\"answer\":\"The study used immunohistochemistry with p57, Ki-67, β-hCG, and E-cadherin, with semiquantitative immunoscores applied to support interpretation.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the article suggest ancillary techniques improve diagnostic accuracy?\",\"answer\":\"It concludes that morphology alone is insufficient, and that ancillary approaches such as p57 IHC and DNA genotyping reveal genetic patterns that help differentiate complete and partial moles and non-molar specimens, reducing interobserver variability.\"}]","Hydatidiform Moles: The Contribution of Ancillary Techniques in Refining Their Histopathological Diagnosis | PDF",1790763712,45]