[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-440889-105":59,"doc-detail-440889-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","hybrid-genome-sequence-of-cryptococcus-neoformans-of-indian-origin-and-comparative-genome-analysis","Hybrid genome sequence of Cryptococcus neoformans of Indian origin and comparative genome analysis","","Human opportunistic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans poses a global health threat, driving severe pneumonia and cryptococcal meningitis in tropical and subtropical regions, with mortality still high despite reduced incidence. The study reports the first complete genome sequence of an Indian isolate (subsp. grubii) and performs comparative analyses of virulome, resistome, and whole-genome SNP profiles. Strains are classified as hyper- or non-hypermutators, revealing shared core genome structure and pan-genome dynamics alongside gene expansion/contraction, while emphasizing the need for bioinformatic tools in large-scale comparative research.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/hybrid-genome-sequence-of-cryptococcus-neoformans-of-indian-origin-and-comparative-genome-analysis/440889/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/hybrid-genome-sequence-of-cryptococcus-neoformans-of-indian-origin-and-comparative-genome-analysis/440889.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Emma Wilson","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-01","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the main goal of this genomic study?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"To generate the first complete genome sequence of an Indian Cryptococcus isolate and use comparative genome analyses to understand virulence, antifungal resistance, and broader genomic evolution relevant to disease management.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How were antifungal resistance and virulence assessed in the study?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The research includes comparative virulome analysis across study genomes and evaluates genes associated with antifungal resistance, highlighting that many strains lack specific SNPs defining AFR.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What genetic relationships and diversity patterns did the study find?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Whole-genome SNP analysis grouped strains into hyper- and non-hypermutators, while phylogenomic and pan-genome analyses showed a shared core genome and revealed gene expansion and contraction between strains.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},440889,1790763860,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":81,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},3848291630094,"https://eur-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","[www. nature.com/scientificreports](www. nature.com/scientificreports)  \nOPEN  \nHybrid genome sequence of Cryptococcus neoformans of Indian origin and comparative genome analysis  \nJananishree Sathiyamoorthy & Jayapradha Ramakrishnan􀀍  \nHuman opportunistic fungi C. neoformans are a global health concern as they cause severe pneumonia and cryptococcal meningitis in tropical and subtropical regions. Though the occurrence of infection has reduced from 2014 to 2022, the mortality rate remains high, and it is considered a neglected tropical disease. More studies are needed to elucidate the genomic architecture and functional traits required to underpin the disease management of Cryptococcus neoformans. This study showcases the first complete genome sequence of an Indian isolate of Cryptococcus, identified as subsp. grubii containing 4.8% of virulence genes in a total genome. A comparative virulome analysis revealed that study genomes Cn, H99 and JEC21 harbor crucial virulence genes associated with infection severity. While all study strains possess genes promoting antifungal resistance (AFR), most lack specific SNPs defining  \nAFR. The whole genome Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) analysis categorized the strains as hyper-and non-hypermutators. The phylogenomic and pan-genome analysis revealed that the study strains share a core genome, highlighting evolutionary relatedness. The study shows gene expansion and contraction between the study strains. This pioneering study presents Cryptococcus’s first comprehensive genomic analysis from India, integrating genetic variations, virulome, resistome, and pan-genome dynamics. The study highlights the necessity of bioinformatic tools for efficient genome analysis and large-scale comparative genome research.  \nKeywords Cryptococcus neoformans sp., Comparative genomics, Phylogeny, Virulome, Resistome, Pangenome  \nCryptococcus [sp. is](sp. is) an environmental fungus that majorly infects immunocompromised people and was categorized as a critical priority pathogen by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2022 due to its high mortality rate, immunocompromised vulnerability, global health impact, growing antifungal resistance and limited treatment options1.  \nCryptococcal infections are more prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions2. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest incidence (6–10%) and mortality rates (24–47%), followed by Asia and the Pacific (1–3%)3. Environmental, ecological, socioeconomic, and healthcare factors contribute to these regional disparities. Globally, approximately 152,000 new cases and 112,000 deaths (19% mortality rate) occur annually, despite the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) reducing the incidence; mortality rates remain alarmingly high3.  \nThis ubiquitous pathogen frequently inhabits avian environments, marshy areas, and decaying wood4,5. Infection occurs through the inhalation of spores/ infectious propagules, leading to pulmonary colonization and subsequent dissemination to the liver, kidney and bone marrow, finally disseminates to the brain via paracytosis, transcytosis and the Trojan horse mechanism6,7. The Cryptococcus sp. exhibits neurotropism owing to the presence of proteinases and urease that allow it to penetrate the blood–brain barrier (degradation of Extracellular Matrix [ECM] components of the host) and survive8. In the recent decade, it’s been observed that even immune-competent individuals are acquiring the infection. The increased susceptibility is believed to bethe organism’s enhanced pathogenicity, which may be attributed to the increased virulence, stress tolerance, or AFR6.  \nTaxonomically, the genus Cryptococcus is classified into two species (neoformans and gatti) and two subspecies (grubii and neoformans) . Further, it is categorized into four serotypes and nine molecular types9. Particularly  \nActinomycetes Bioprospecting Lab, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Dee","cbCaioOxHl4WxoPu","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaioOxHl4WxoPu","pdf",4547263,15,"English","# Background\n## Public health significance and disease burden\n## Taxonomy, transmission, and pathogenesis\n# Genomic approach and comparative analyses\n## Complete genome sequencing of an Indian isolate\n## Virulome, resistome, and antifungal resistance profiling\n## SNP classification and population genetics\n## Phylogenomics and pan-genome dynamics\n# Key outcomes and implications\n## Core genome relationships\n## Gene expansion and contraction\n## Importance of bioinformatic tools","[{\"question\":\"What is the main goal of this genomic study?\",\"answer\":\"To generate the first complete genome sequence of an Indian Cryptococcus isolate and use comparative genome analyses to understand virulence, antifungal resistance, and broader genomic evolution relevant to disease management.\"},{\"question\":\"How were antifungal resistance and virulence assessed in the study?\",\"answer\":\"The research includes comparative virulome analysis across study genomes and evaluates genes associated with antifungal resistance, highlighting that many strains lack specific SNPs defining AFR.\"},{\"question\":\"What genetic relationships and diversity patterns did the study find?\",\"answer\":\"Whole-genome SNP analysis grouped strains into hyper- and non-hypermutators, while phylogenomic and pan-genome analyses showed a shared core genome and revealed gene expansion and contraction between strains.\"}]","Hybrid genome sequence of Cryptococcus neoformans of Indian origin and comparative genome analysis | PDF",1790693818,38]