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It classifies HVAC configurations into self-contained unit packages and central systems, then details how central chilled-water air-conditioning operates, including cooling cycles, mixing, coil heat transfer, water/chiller components, and the corresponding heating cycle using hot water or steam.",{"@graph":14,"@context":72},[15,34,55],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/technology/","Technology",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/hvac-instrumentation-and-control-course-m06-019-course-notes/656612/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/hvac-instrumentation-and-control-course-m06-019-course-notes/656612.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Syukur Setiap Hari","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-01","2026-10-25",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":33},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",{"@type":56,"mainEntity":57},"FAQPage",[58,64,68],{"name":59,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":61},"Why are automatic controls necessary for HVAC systems?","Question",{"text":62,"@type":63},"HVAC capacity is designed for extreme conditions, while real operation occurs under part-load and constantly changing variables. 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Bhatia  \nContinuing Education and Development, Inc.  \n9 Greyridge Farm Court Stony Point, NY 10980  \nP: (877) 322-5800  \nF: (877) 322-4774  \n[info@cedengineering.com](info@cedengineering.com)  \nHVAC Instrumentation and Control  \nThe application of Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) controls starts with an understanding of the building and the use of the spaces to be conditioned and controlled. All control systems operate in accordance with few basic principles but before we discuss these, let’s address few fundamentals of the HVAC system first.  \nWhy Automatic Controls?  \nThe capacity of the HVAC system is typically designed for the extreme conditions. Most operation is part load/off design as variables such as solar loads, occupancy, ambient temperatures, equipment & lighting loads etc keep on changing through out the day. Deviation from design shall result in drastic swings or imbalance since design capacity is greater than the actual load in most operating scenarios. Without control system, the system will become unstable and HVAC would overheat or overcool spaces.  \nHVAC systems  \nHVAC systems are classified as either self-contained unit packages or as central systems. Unit package describes a single unit that converts a primary energy source (electricity or gas) and provides final heating and cooling to the space to be conditioned. Examples of self-contained unit packages are rooftop HVAC systems, air conditioning units for rooms, and air-to-air heat pumps.  \nWith central systems, the primary conversion from fuel such as gas or electricity takes place in a central location, with some form of thermal energy distributed throughout the building or facility.  \nCentral systems are a combination of central supply subsystem and multiple end use subsystems. There are many variations of combined central supply and end use zone systems. The most frequently used combination is central hot and chilled water distributed to multiple fan systems. The fan systems use water-to-air heat exchangers called coils to provide hot and/or cold air for the controlled spaces. End-use subsystems can be fan systems or terminal units. If the end use subsystems are fan systems, they can be single or multiple zone type. The multiple end use zone systems are mixing boxes, usually called VAV boxes.  \nAnother combination central supply and end use zone system is a central chiller and boiler for the conversion of primary energy , as well as a central fan system to delivery hot and/or cold air. The typical uses of central systems are in larger, multistoried buildings where access to outside air is more restricted. Typically central systems have lower operating costs but have a complex control sequence.  \nHow does central air-conditioning system work?  \nCooling Cycle (chilled water system): The supply air, which is approximately 20° F cooler than the air in the conditioned space, leaves the cooling coil through the supply air fan, down to the ductwork and into the conditioned space. The cool supply air picks up heat in the conditioned space and the warmer air makes its way into the return air duct back to the air handling unit. The return air mixes with outside air in a mixing chamber and goes through the filters and cooling coil. The mixed air gives up its heat into the chilled water tubes in the cooling coil, which has fins attached to the tubes to facilitate heat transfer. The cooled supply air leaves the cooling coil and the air cycle repeats.  \nThe chilled water circulating through the cooling coil tubes, after picking up heat from the mixed air, leaves the cooling coil and goes through the chilled water return (CHWR) pipe to the chiller's evaporator. Here it gives up the heat into the refrigeration system. The newly \"chilled\" water leaves the evaporator and is pumped through the chilled water supply (CHWS) piping into the cooling coil continuously and the water cy","cbCaivNqxHiazuSo","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivNqxHiazuSo","pdf",704615,95,"English","# HVAC Instrumentation and Control\n## Why Automatic Controls?\n## HVAC systems\n## How does central air-conditioning system work?\n## Cooling Cycle (chilled water system)\n## Main equipment used in the chilled water system\n## Heating cycle\n## What Parameters are controlled?","[{\"question\":\"Why are automatic controls necessary for HVAC systems?\",\"answer\":\"HVAC capacity is designed for extreme conditions, while real operation occurs under part-load and constantly changing variables. Without controls, the system can become unstable and overheat or overcool spaces.\"},{\"question\":\"How are HVAC systems classified in the course?\",\"answer\":\"They are classified as self-contained unit packages or central systems. Unit packages serve a single space/unit, while central systems convert energy centrally and distribute thermal energy through subsystems.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the chilled-water cooling cycle work?\",\"answer\":\"Supply air leaving the cooling coil is cooler than the conditioned space air, picks up heat, and returns through return ducts to mix with outside air. The mixed air passes filters and the cooling coil, where heat is transferred to chilled water that circulates through the chiller evaporator and back to the coil.\"}]","HVAC Instrumentation and Control - Course M06-019 - Course Notes | PDF",1792969642,239]