[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-202611-en":3,"doc-seo-202611-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":89},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},202611,8814010472675,"Xiajie","https://avatar.qwps.com/avatar/WGlhamll",4,"Exam","Hume Cheat Sheet - Background Info - Causality - Induction","Concise study notes on David Hume’s philosophy, outlining his background, major works on human nature, and the central problem of causality. The material explains how we derive causality from experience through spatial/temporal contiguity, constant conjunction, and inference, while noting that matters of fact are contingent. It also covers perceptions (impressions and ideas), uniformity of nature and induction, and the role of custom and habit. Further sections compare philosophers of action and reason, discuss moral philosophy, and introduce skepticism and partial skepticism as paths toward ataraxia.","Hume Cheat Sheet  \nby faminconnue (faminconnue) [via](via cheatography.com/178871/cs/37717/)[ cheatography.com/178871/cs/37717/](via cheatography.com/178871/cs/37717/)  \nBackground Info  \n\n| Hume was grasped by \"a new scene of thought\" .\u003Cbr>He was influenced by empiricism , especially in the thought that there are no innate ideas or externals structures and no necessary ethics\u003Cbr>He wrote two works concerning human nature:\u003Cbr>1. A Treatise of Human Nature, Being an Attempt to introduce the Experimental Method of Reasoning into Moral subjects (1739)\u003Cbr>- > goal: become the Newton of the human sciences , to use the experimental method of the natural science to investigate human beings\u003Cbr>2. Enquiry concerning Human Unders‐ tanding (1758)\u003Cbr>- > goal: instead of justifying knowledge (Descartes) , he wants to investigate the nature and boundaries of human knowledge , to save us from the false claims of metaphysics and theology |\n| --- |\n| Hume is most of the time applied to and compared to Descartes and Kant |\n| Causality |\n| \u003Cbr>causality is useful for expanding our knowledge of the external world and concerns matter of fact , and we learn causality through experience\u003Cbr>However, since matters of facts are contingent causality could still be different; we can't see causality , only events\u003Cbr>(i. e. just because the sun rose today and yesterday, does not guarantee it will rise tomorrow; cause does not guarantee efect) Requirements for causality:\u003Cbr>1.spatial contiguity\u003Cbr>2.temporal contiguity\u003Cbr>3. causation\u003Cbr>4.similarity\u003Cbr>→ we only see the 1 and 2\u003Cbr>example: billard balls A and B |\n\nBy faminconnue  \n(faminconnue)  \n[cheatography.com/faminconnue/](cheatography.com/faminconnue/)  \nCausality (cont)  \n\n| 1. A touches B\u003Cbr>2. changes in A happen simultaneously with B\u003Cbr>3. a necessarily caused the movement B\u003Cbr>4. this is how billiard balls move |\n| --- |\n| * our knowledge can be expanded through:\u003Cbr>-hearsay“Japan exists”\u003Cbr>-connecting events: “there were people here”\u003Cbr>- identifying universalia: “water drowns us”\u003Cbr>-experience: “i saw an apple because of the apple” |\n| Political nature |\n| \u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>According to Hume , there are two types of philosophers:\u003Cbr>1. philosophers of action:\u003Cbr>-they participate in life\u003Cbr>-sentiment/mode of expression is important: they are more focused on style (rather than content)\u003Cbr>-strive to promote the notion of virtue\u003Cbr>-were well-liked by the public\u003Cbr>-not so concerned with argumentation- > ancient example: stoicists\u003Cbr>2. philosophers of reason:\u003Cbr>-concerned with gaining an understanding of the human being , rather than cultivating the human being.\u003Cbr>-try to find a foundation of knowledge in principles\u003Cbr>-claim that abstract principles are unrelated to actual life\u003Cbr>- lends itself to enduring error because willing to accept strange and unpopular ideas\u003Cbr>→ ancient example: Socrates |\n\nNot published yet.  \nLast updated 20th March , 2023. Page 1 of 2.  \nInvestegation of Human Understanding  \nHumes investigation starts with percep‐ tions , these perceptions are divided into two main categories:  \n1. impressions: are direct experiences of the world or reflections of ourselves  \n2. ideas: are derived from impressions- > Simple ideas come directly from simple impressions  \n- >Complex ideas can be formed errone‐ ously; complex ideas can be formed by simple ideas (e.g. a pegasus comes from the idea of a horse and wings)  \nboth ideas and impressions can either be simple or complex:  \nsimple idea: e. g. the colour red  \ncomplex idea: e. g. an apple  \nUniformity of Nature  \nUniformity of Nature entails that \"things stay the same\" and is required for induction , natural laws , and inductive empirical knowledge (aka any kind of causality) But , Hume claims , uniformity of nature is a matter of fact which is contingent; so saying that things have been uniform in the past is circular  \nHe argues that causality* is not in the world (as far as we know) , but in us (custom and habit)  \nHence , empiri","cbCairmolUw0raRX","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairmolUw0raRX","pdf",46482,1,2,"English","en",105,"# Background Info\n## Causality\n## Political Nature\n## Investigation of Human Understanding\n## Uniformity of Nature\n## Dependence of Reason on Action\n## Moral Philosophy\n## Scepticism","[{\"question\":\"What are Hume’s two main works mentioned in these notes, and what goals do they serve?\",\"answer\":\"The notes list A Treatise of Human Nature (1739) and Enquiry concerning Human Understanding (1758). The Treatise aims to apply the experimental method of reasoning to moral subjects, while the Enquiry seeks to investigate the nature and limits of human knowledge to avoid false claims of metaphysics and theology.\"},{\"question\":\"How do the notes explain Hume’s idea of causality?\",\"answer\":\"Causality is described as useful for expanding knowledge of the external world, but we never see causality directly—only events. It requires spatial contiguity, temporal contiguity, and the observed connection of events, which is learned through experience and supported by custom and habit.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the role of uniformity of nature and why does the notes call it circular?\",\"answer\":\"Uniformity of nature underwrites induction and inductive empirical knowledge, but the notes emphasize Hume’s claim that it is a matter of fact and contingent. Therefore, arguing that the past has been uniform to justify induction risks circular reasoning.\"}]","Hume Cheat Sheet - Background Info - Causality - Induction | PDF",1788549319,5,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":84,"head_meta":86,"extra_data":88,"updated_unix":28},"hume-cheat-sheet-background-info-causality-induction","",{"@graph":36,"@context":83},[37,52,66],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,47,50],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":11},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/hume-cheat-sheet-background-info-causality-induction/202611/",{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":53,"author":54,"headline":13,"publisher":56,"fileFormat":59,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":60,"datePublished":60,"encodingFormat":59,"isAccessibleForFree":61,"interactionStatistic":62},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":55},"Person",{"url":41,"name":57,"@type":58},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-04",true,{"@type":63,"interactionType":64,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":65},"ViewAction",{"@type":67,"mainEntity":68},"FAQPage",[69,75,79],{"name":70,"@type":71,"acceptedAnswer":72},"What are Hume’s two main works mentioned in these notes, and what goals do they serve?","Question",{"text":73,"@type":74},"The notes list A Treatise of Human Nature (1739) and Enquiry concerning Human Understanding (1758). The Treatise aims to apply the experimental method of reasoning to moral subjects, while the Enquiry seeks to investigate the nature and limits of human knowledge to avoid false claims of metaphysics and theology.","Answer",{"name":76,"@type":71,"acceptedAnswer":77},"How do the notes explain Hume’s idea of causality?",{"text":78,"@type":74},"Causality is described as useful for expanding knowledge of the external world, but we never see causality directly—only events. It requires spatial contiguity, temporal contiguity, and the observed connection of events, which is learned through experience and supported by custom and habit.",{"name":80,"@type":71,"acceptedAnswer":81},"What is the role of uniformity of nature and why does the notes call it circular?",{"text":82,"@type":74},"Uniformity of nature underwrites induction and inductive empirical knowledge, but the notes emphasize Hume’s claim that it is a matter of fact and contingent. Therefore, arguing that the past has been uniform to justify induction risks circular reasoning.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":51,"og:type":85,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":57,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":87,"canonical":51},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":90},[91,95,99,102,106,111,116,121,126,129,133],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":92,"show_sort_weight":93,"slug":94},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":96,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":98},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":100,"slug":101},70,"exam",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":113,"show_sort_weight":114,"slug":115},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":118,"show_sort_weight":119,"slug":120},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":122,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":123,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":125},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":127,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":128},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":130,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":131,"show_sort_weight":130,"slug":132},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":134,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":135,"show_sort_weight":29,"slug":136},19,"General","general"]