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It is also increasingly implicated in anogenital cancers across genders and in oropharyngeal and colorectal cancers, with reports of associations with breast cancer. The growing burden of HPV-associated malignancies reflects inadequate awareness, limited vaccine coverage, and vaccine hesitancy. Current vaccines provide mainly prophylactic efficacy and do not prevent malignancies from persistent post-exposure infection, so the review examines burden, causes, and strategies to reduce prevalence.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/human-papilloma-virus-an-unraveled-enigma-of-universal-burden-of-malignancies-review/381074/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/human-papilloma-virus-an-unraveled-enigma-of-universal-burden-of-malignancies-review/381074.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Noah","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is HPV and how does it relate to cancer?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"HPV is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by a DNA virus. It is the main etiological agent for multiple cancers, primarily cervical cancer, and is linked to other malignancies such as anal, vulvar, vaginal, penile, colorectal, and oropharyngeal cancers.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What role do low-risk and high-risk HPV types play?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Low-risk HPVs are associated with anogenital and cutaneous warts. High-risk HPVs are responsible mainly for oropharyngeal cancers and anogenital cancers, including cervical, anal, vulvar, vaginal, and penile cancers.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Why is the burden of HPV-associated malignancies still increasing?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The burden is increasing due to limited awareness, insufficient vaccine coverage, and vaccine hesitancy. The vaccines available focus on prophylactic efficacy and do not prevent malignancies associated with post-exposure persistent infection.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},381074,1790398008,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":26},8796095462418,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/80000253c1241d02b47?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1778826106357471780","pathogens   \nReview  \nHuman Papilloma Virus: An Unraveled Enigma of Universal Burden of Malignancies  \nIshrat Khan, R Harshithkumar , Ashwini More and Anupam Mukherjee *  \nCitation: Khan, I.; Harshithkumar, R.; More, A.; Mukherjee, A. Human Papilloma Virus: An Unraveled Enigma of Universal Burden of Malignancies. Pathogens 2023, 12, 564 .  \n[https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)pathogens12040564  \nAcademic Editor: Lawrence S. Young  \nReceived: 24 February 2023  \nRevised: 28 March 2023  \nAccepted: 4 April 2023  \nPublished: 6 April 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \nDivision of Virology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, India  \n* Correspondence: [amukherjee@nariindia.org](amukherjee@nariindia.org)  \nAbstract: HPV, or Human Papilloma Virus, has been the primary causative agent of genital warts and cervical cancer worldwide. It is a sexually transmitted infection mainly affecting women of reproductive age group, also infecting men and high-risk group individuals globally, resulting in high mortality. In recent years, HPV has also been found to be the major culprit behind anogenital cancersin both gender and oropharyngeal and colorectal cancers. Few studies have reported the incidence of HPV in breast cancers as well. For a few decades, the burden of HPV-associated malignancies has been increasing at an alarming rate due to a lack of adequate awareness, famine vaccine coverage and hesitancy. The effectiveness of currently available vaccines has been limited to prophylactic efficacy and does not prevent malignancies associated with post-exposure persistent infection. This review focuses on the current burden of HPV-associated malignancies, their causes and strategies to combat the growing prevalence of the cancers. With the advent of new technologies associated with treatment pertaining to therapeutic interventions and employing effective vaccine coverage, the burden of this disease may be reduced in the population.  \nKeywords: epidemiology; disease burden; human papilloma virus; cervical cancer; oropharyngeal cancer; vaginal cancer; colorectal cancers; HPV associated malignancies  \n1. Introduction  \nHuman Papilloma Virus (HPV) is one of the most common causes of sexually transmitted infections worldwide. It is the main etiological agent responsible for multiple types of cancers, primarily cervical cancer in women. HPV is a small, non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus infecting the skin and mucosal surfaces. It is classified into two categories: low-risk HPVs (Lr-HPVs) and high-risk HPVs (Hr-HPVs) . Lr-HPV is responsible for the manifestation of anogenital and cutaneous warts, while Hr-HPV is majorly responsible for oropharyngeal (oral, tonsil and throat areas) cancers and anogenital cancers, including cervical, anal, vulvar, vaginal and penile cancers [1–5] . In most individuals, the HPV infection clears by itself without ever developing clinical manifestations. Thus, very few of them progress to invasive cancers depending upon the type of HPV variants. The disease is often characterized by subcutaneous and anogenital warts, which may or may not develop into malignancies. The causal association between HPV and cancer has been established for many squamous cell type carcinomas, with growing evidence to link it to cervical (99%), anal (88% of cases), penile (50%), vaginal (70%), vulvar (43%), colorectal (35%) and oropharyngeal (12–53%) cancer (Figure 1) [1] .  \nGlobally, Cervical cancer is the primary cause of cancer-related mortality among women of reproductive age. Vaccination against HPV is the safest and the most reliable means of primary pre","cbCaichOEGWvquJj","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaichOEGWvquJj","pdf",2849175,24,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## HPV as a common sexually transmitted infection\n## Risk categories and cancer links\n## Global and regional burden; vaccination and access\n## Screening and differences in clinical response","[{\"question\":\"What is HPV and how does it relate to cancer?\",\"answer\":\"HPV is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by a DNA virus. It is the main etiological agent for multiple cancers, primarily cervical cancer, and is linked to other malignancies such as anal, vulvar, vaginal, penile, colorectal, and oropharyngeal cancers.\"},{\"question\":\"What role do low-risk and high-risk HPV types play?\",\"answer\":\"Low-risk HPVs are associated with anogenital and cutaneous warts. High-risk HPVs are responsible mainly for oropharyngeal cancers and anogenital cancers, including cervical, anal, vulvar, vaginal, and penile cancers.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is the burden of HPV-associated malignancies still increasing?\",\"answer\":\"The burden is increasing due to limited awareness, insufficient vaccine coverage, and vaccine hesitancy. The vaccines available focus on prophylactic efficacy and do not prevent malignancies associated with post-exposure persistent infection.\"}]","Human Papilloma Virus: An Unraveled Enigma of Universal Burden of Malignancies - Review | PDF",1790243455]