[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-115501-en":3,"doc-seo-115501-105":31,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":28,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":29,"read_time":30},115501,1099523885336,"Violet","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c",8,"Research & Report","Human Motives - Hedonism, Altruism, and the Science of Affect","Human Motives develops a scientific account of how affective states shape human motivation, focusing on hedonism and altruism and the role of valence in decision-making. The book builds a framework for the scope and outputs of affect, then examines new hedonism, challenges to traditional critiques, and the relationship between feelings and representations of value. It further analyzes imperatives versus indicatives, uses pain as a test case, and scales up to moral motivation, social-group cognition, and equality.","Human Motives  \n[OceanofPDF.com](OceanofPDF.com)  \nHuman Motives  \nHedonism, Altruism, and the Science of  \nAffect  \nPeter Carruthers  \n[OceanofPDF.com](OceanofPDF.com)  \nGreat Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a  \nregistered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries  \n© Peter Carruthers 2024  \nThe moral rights of the author have been asserted  \nAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any  \nacquirer  \nPublished in the United States of America by Oxford University Press  \n198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data  \nData available  \nLibrary of Congress Control Number: 2023942445 ISBN 978–0–19–890613–1  \nebook ISBN 978–0–19–890615–5  \nDOI: 10. 1093/oso/9780198906131 .001.0001 Printed and bound in the UK by Clays Ltd, Elcograf S.p.A.  \nLinks to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this  \nwork.  \n[OceanofPDF.com](OceanofPDF.com)  \nFor Fred and Blythe Friends, family, and joy in nature  \n[OceanofPDF.com](OceanofPDF.com)  \nContents  \nPreface  \n1. Introduction  \n1.1 The Theoretical Terrain  \n1.2 Why It Matters  \n1.3 The Way Ahead  \n2. The Science of Affect  \n2.1 The Scope of Affect  \n2.2 The Input: Appraisals of Value  \n2.3 Output (1): Behavior  \n2.4 Output (2): Arousal  \n2.5 Output (3): Valence  \n2.6 Output (4): Affective Learning  \n2.7 Top-Down Influences on Affect  \n2.8 Conclusion  \n3. The New Hedonism  \n3.1 Prospective Decision-Making  \n3.2 How Valence Works  \n3.3 Future-Directed Pleasure  \n3.4 Concerns about Consciousness  \n3.5 Other Forms of Decision-Making  \n3.6 Difficult Decisions  \n3.7 Conclusion  \n4. Traditional Critiques Critiqued  \n4.1 Evolutionary Arguments  \n4.2 Self-Sacrifice: Spontaneous and Reflective  \n4.3 Desire and Satisfaction  \n4.4 The Experience Machine  \n4.5 Experimental Evidence  \n4.6 Two Forms of Hedonism  \n4.7 Conclusion  \n5. Feelings Versus Representations of Value  \n5.1 Valence as Feeling: An Initial Concern  \n5.2 Valence as Representation of Value  \n5.3 Valence and Consciousness  \n5.4 Theories of Representation  \n5.5 Erroneous Emotions  \n5.6 Erroneous Pleasures and Displeasures  \n5.7 Merely Sub-Personal or Extended Egoism: A Dilemma  \n5.8 Conclusion  \n6. Indicatives Versus Imperatives  \n6.1 Two Forms of Imperativism  \n6.2 Imperative Versus Indicative Content  \n6.3 Consummatory Pleasure Is about the Present  \n6.4 Valence and Imperatives in the Brain  \n6.5 Alleged Counter-Examples to Evaluativism  \n6.6 Conclusion  \n7. Pain: A Test Case  \n7.1 The Science of Pain: A Primer  \n7.2 The Sensation of Pain  \n7.3 The Painfulness of Pain  \n7.4 Erroneous Pains  \n7.5 Pain’s Transparency  \n7.6 Pains as Reasons  \n7.7 Conclusion  \n8. Moral Motivation  \n8.1 Kinds of Moral Motivation  \n8.2 Prosociality and Altruism  \n8.3 Equality and Fairness  \n8.4 Social-Group Cognition  \n8.5 Norm Psychology  \n8.6 Conclusion: Scaling Up  \n8.7 Addendum: Weak Humeanism  \n8.8 Summary: The Case against Hedonism  \nReferences Index [OceanofPDF.com](OceanofPDF.com)  \nPreface  \nThis book has been a while in the making, even if not nearly so long in the w","cbCaiukQVfmEfhf7","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiukQVfmEfhf7","pdf",2601709,3,1,259,"English","en",105,"# Contents\n## Preface\n## Introduction\n## The Science of Affect\n## The New Hedonism\n## Traditional Critiques Critiqued\n## Feelings Versus Representations of Value\n## Indicatives Versus Imperatives\n## Pain: A Test Case\n## Moral Motivation\n## References\n## Index","[{\"question\":\"What topics does the book cover in explaining human motivation?\",\"answer\":\"It covers hedonism and altruism through the science of affect, including how valence works, how decisions are guided, and how these mechanisms relate to feelings, representations of value, and moral motivation.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the book treat affect and its role in decision-making?\",\"answer\":\"It lays out the scope of affect and distinguishes outputs such as behavior, arousal, valence, and affective learning, then connects these to motivational hedonism and competing theories.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is pain used as a key test case?\",\"answer\":\"Pain is used to probe the underlying structure of affective states—its sensation, painfulness, transparency, and relation to reasons—so the broader theory can be evaluated against a concrete domain.\"}]","Human Motives - 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