[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-93475-en":3,"doc-seo-93475-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},93475,2336464648322,"Aria","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/2200025388227c56fec?_k=1778556882303663488",8,"Research & Report","Human Error - James Reason","Human Error examines how human mistakes arise, emphasizing both fundamental mechanisms and practical implications for high-risk systems. The book explains error categories and research methods, compares natural science and engineering approaches, and develops a framework for modeling error types. It details recurrent error forms, cognitive underspecification, latent errors, and system-level disasters, then discusses methods for detecting, assessing, and reducing human error risk. Designed for readers from cognitive psychology to safety and reliability engineering.","Human Error  \nJarnes ReasonDepartment of PsychologyUniversity of ManchesterCambridgeNew York Port Chester Melboume Sydney  \nCambridge University Press  \nHuman Error  \nJames Reason  \nDepartment of Psychology  \nUniversity ofManchester  \nCambridge University PressCambridgeNew York Port Chester Melboume Sydney  \nPublished by the Press Syndicate of the University of CambridgeThe Pitt Building,Trumpington Street,Cambridge CB21RP40 West 20th Street,New York,NY 10011,USA10 Stamford Road,Oakleigh,Melbourne 3166,Australia  \n◎ Cambridge University Press 1990  \nFirst Published 1990  \nPrinted in the United States of America  \nLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataReason,J.T.  \nHuman error/James Reason.p.cm.  \nIncludes bibliographical references.ISBN0-521-30669-8.-ISBN0-521-31419-4(pbk.)  \n1.Errors.L.Title.BF323.E7R42199090-31041153.4-dc20CIP  \nBritish Library Cataloguing in Publication DataReason,JamesHuman error.  \n1.Man.Behaviour  \nI.Title150  \nISBN0-521-30669-8hardback  \nISBN 0-521-31419-4 paperback  \nTo Jens Rasmussen  \nContents  \npage ix  \nPreface  \n1.The nature of error1  \n2.Studies of human error19  \n3.Performance levels and error types53  \n4.Cognitive underspecification and error forms97  \n5.A design for a fallible machine125  \n6.The detection of errors148  \n7.Latent errors and systems disasters1738.Assessing and reducing the human error risk217Appendix251References258Name indexSubject index296  \n# Preface\n\nHuman error is avery large subject,quite as extensive as that covered by theterm human performance.But these daunting proportions can be reduced inat least two ways.The topic can be treated in a broad but shallow fashion,ai-ming at a wide though superficial coverage of many well-documented errortypes.Or,an attempt can be made to carve out a narrow but relatively deepslice,trading comprehensiveness for a chance to get at some of the moregeneral principles of error production.I have tried to achieve the latter.  \nThe book is written with a mixed readership in mind:cognitive psycholog-ists,human factors professionals,safety managers and reliability engineers-and,of course,their students.As far as possible,I have tried to make both thetheoretical and the practical aspects of the book accessible to all.In otherwords,it presumes little in theway of prior specialist knowledge of either kind.Although some familiarity with the way psychologists think,write and handleevidence is clearly anadvantage,it isnot a necessaryqualification for tacklingthe book.Nor,for that matter,should an unfamiliarity with high-technologysystems deter psychologists from reading the last two chapters.  \nErrors mean different things to different people.For cognitive theorists,they offer important clues to the covert control processes underlying routinehuman action.To applied practitioners,they remain the main threat to thesafe operation of high-risk technologies.Whereas the theoreticians like to col-lect,cultivate and categorise errors,practitioners are more interested in theirelimination and,where this fails,in containing their adverse effects by error-tolerant designs.It is hoped that this book offers something useful to bothcamps.  \n# The shape of the book\n\nThe bookis divided into three parts.The first two chapters introduce the basicideas,methods,research traditions and background studies.They set thescene for the book as a whole.  \nChapter 1 discusses the nature o error,makes apreliminary identificationof its major categories and considers the vaious techniques by which it hasbeen investigated.  \nChapter 2 outlines the human error studies that have been most influen-tial in shaping the arguments presented later in the book.It distinguishes twotraditions of research:the natural science and engineering(or cognitivescience)approaches.The former is characterized by its restricted focus uponwell-defined,manipulable phenomena and their explanation by \"local'the-ories whose predictive differences are,potentially at least,resolvable by ex-  \nperimentatio","cbCaic6EGanOhh9U","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaic6EGanOhh9U","pdf",19533783,2,1,162,"English","en",105,"# Preface\n# The nature of error\n# Studies of human error\n# Performance levels and error types\n# Cognitive underspecification and error forms\n# A design for a fallible machine\n# The detection of errors\n# Latent errors and systems disasters\n# Assessing and reducing the human error risk","[{\"question\":\"What approach does the book take to studying human error?\",\"answer\":\"It reduces the subject’s breadth by focusing on a narrow but relatively deep set of principles, supported by both theoretical and practical discussion for a mixed readership.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the book classify major categories and types of error?\",\"answer\":\"It begins by identifying major error categories and later introduces error modeling (GEMS) that distinguishes skill-based slips and lapses, rule-based mistakes, and knowledge-based mistakes.\"},{\"question\":\"How does cognitive underspecification relate to error forms?\",\"answer\":\"The book argues that cognitive operations can be underspecified, leading the cognitive system to default to high-frequency, contextually appropriate responses; error forms are shaped primarily by similarity and 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approach does the book take to studying human error?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"It reduces the subject’s breadth by focusing on a narrow but relatively deep set of principles, supported by both theoretical and practical discussion for a mixed readership.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How does the book classify major categories and types of error?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"It begins by identifying major error categories and later introduces error modeling (GEMS) that distinguishes skill-based slips and lapses, rule-based mistakes, and knowledge-based mistakes.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"How does cognitive underspecification relate to error forms?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"The book argues that cognitive operations can be underspecified, leading the cognitive system to default to high-frequency, contextually appropriate responses; error forms are shaped primarily by similarity and 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